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Ulwandle lwaseMzantsi Pearl Indonesia

Ulwandle lwaseMzantsi Pearl Indonesia

Indonesia South Sea Pearl

I-Indonesia lelona chwebakazi likhulu ehlabathini elinabalobi abatyebileyo kunye neemveliso zaselwandle. Enye yeemveliso ezinjalo yiperile yoLwandle lwaseMzantsi, ngokuqinisekileyo enye yezona ntlobo zibalaseleyo zeeperile. Ayiphelelanga nje ngokuba nemithombo yendalo etyebileyo, iIndonesia ikwanazo nentaphane yamagcisa anobuchule obuphezulu bobugcisa.

Ngeli nqaku, sikuzisa enye imveliso ekhethekileyo yase-Indonesia, iperile yoLwandle lwaseMzantsi. Njengelizwe elime ekudibaneni kwendlela yeelwandle ezimbini kunye namazwekazi amabini, inkcubeko yase-Indonesia ibonisa umxube okhethekileyo owenziwe lunxibelelwano olude phakathi kwezithethe zemveli kunye neempembelelo ezininzi zangaphandle. Ilifa lenkcubeko elityebileyo lase-Indonesia libonelela ngehlabathi iintlobo ngeentlobo zezacholo zeperile zobugcisa.

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Omnye wabadlali abaphezulu behlabathi, i-Indonesia ibisenza kwaye ithumela iiperile kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana ne-Australia, iHong Kong, iJapan, iSouth Korea kunye neThailand. Ngokwezibalo, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kweperile likhule nge-19.69% kumyinge wonyaka ngonyaka kwi-2008-2012. Kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala ze-2013, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle lifike kwi-US $ 9.30
izigidi.

Iperile ekumgangatho ophezulu ithathwa njengenye yezinto ezixabisekileyo zobuhle kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, ngokuthelekisa namanye amatye anqabileyo. Ngokobuchwephesha, iperile iveliswa ngaphakathi kwemolusc ephilayo, ngaphakathi kwezicubu ezithambileyo okanye ingubo.

Iperile yenziwe ngecalcium carbonate kwimo yecrystalline yomzuzu, kanye njengeqokobhe lokuzola, kumaleko agxininisiweyo. Iperile efanelekileyo iya kuba ingqukuva kwaye igudileyo kodwa zininzi ezinye iimilo zamapere, ezibizwa ngokuba ziiperile zebaroque.

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Ngenxa yokuba iiparele zenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-calcium carbonate, zinokuchithwa kwiviniga. I-calcium carbonate ichaphazeleka nakwisisombululo se-asidi esibuthathaka kuba iikristale ze-calcium carbonate zisabela kunye ne-acetic acid kwiviniga ukuze zenze i-calcium acetate kunye ne-carbon dioxide.

Iiperile zendalo ezenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo endle zezona zixabisekileyo kodwa kwangaxeshanye zinqabile. Iiperile ezifumanekayo ngoku kwimarike ubukhulu becala zilinywa okanye zilinywa kwiimbaza zeperile kunye nembaza zamanzi acwengileyo.

Iiperile zokuxelisa nazo ziveliswa ngokubanzi njengezacholo ezingabizi nangona umgangatho uphantsi kakhulu kunendalo. Iiperile zokwenziwa zine-iridescence engalunganga kwaye zihluke ngokulula kwizinto zendalo.

Umgangatho weeperile, zokwemvelo nezilinywayo, uxhomekeke ekubeni zibubucukubhede kwaye bukhazimle njengoko kunjalo nangaphakathi kwiqokobhe elizivelisayo. Ngelixa iiperile zihlala zilinywa kwaye zivunwa ukwenza ubucwebe, zikwathungelwe kwiimpahla zodidi oluphezulu kunye nokucuthwa kwaye zisetyenziselwa izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza nakwimixube yepeyinti.

Iintlobo zePearl

Iiperile zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu ezisekelwe ekubunjweni kwayo: indalo, inkcubeko kunye nokuxelisa. Ngaphambi kokuncipha kweeperile zendalo, malunga nekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo, zonke iiperile ezafunyanwa zaziyiperile yendalo.

Namhlanje iiperile zendalo zinqabile kakhulu, kwaye zihlala zithengiswa kwiifandesi eNew York, eLondon nakwezinye iindawo zamazwe ngamazwe ngamaxabiso otyalo-mali. Iiparele zendalo, ngokwenkcazo, zonke iintlobo zeeparele ezenziwe ngengozi, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabantu.

Ziyimveliso yamabona-ndenzile, enesiqalo esicaphukisayo njengesifunxi-gazi esigqobhozayo. Ithuba lokwenzeka kwendalo lincinci kakhulu njengoko kuxhomekeke ekungeneni okungamkelekanga kwezinto zangaphandle ukuba i-oyster ayikwazi ukuyikhupha emzimbeni wayo.

Iperile ekhuliswayo ifumana inkqubo efanayo. Kwimeko yeperile yendalo, i-oyster isebenza yodwa, ngelixa iiperile ezikhulisiwe ziyimveliso yokungenelela kwabantu. Ukuze enze iimbatyisi ivelise iperile, igcisa lifaka ngabom into ecaphukisayo ngaphakathi kwimbatyisi. Izinto ezifakelwa ngotyando liqhekeza leqokobhe elibizwa ngokuba nguMama wePearl.

Olu buchule lwaphuhliswa yi-biologist yaseBrithani uWilliam Saville-Kent e-Australia kwaye yaziswa eJapan nguTokichi Nishikawa kunye noTatsuhei Mise. U-Nishikawa wanikwa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1916, kwaye watshata intombi kaMikimoto Kokichi.

UMikimoto wakwazi ukusebenzisa iteknoloji kaNishikawa. Emva kokuba i-patent inikwe kwi-1916, iteknoloji yasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ngokurhweba kwi-oyster ye-Akoya pearl eJapan ngo-1916. Umntakwabo kaMise wayengowokuqala ukuvelisa isivuno sentengiso yeeparele kwi-oyster yase-Akoya.

I-Mitsubishi’s Baron Iwasaki yakhawuleza yasebenzisa itekhnoloji kwi-oyster yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi ngo-1917 kwiiPhilippines, kwaye kamva eButon, nasePalau. I-Mitsubishi yaba yeyokuqala ukuvelisa iperile yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi ekhulisiweyo – nangona akuzange kube ngo-1928 apho isityalo esincinci sokuqala sorhwebo seperile saveliswa ngempumelelo.

Iiperile zokulinganisa zilibali elahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, intsimbi yeglasi ifakwe kwisisombululo esenziwe kwizikali zeentlanzi. Olu tyaba lubhityile kwaye lunokuphela. Umntu udla ngokuxela ukulinganisa ngokuluma kuyo. Iiperile zomgunyathi zityibilika emazinyweni akho, ngelixa iileya ze-nacre kwiiperile zokwenyani zivakala zimdaka. Isiqithi saseMallorca eSpain saziwa ngokuxelisa ishishini leperile.

Kukho iimilo ezisibhozo ezisisiseko zeeperile: ingqukuva, isemi-round, iqhosha, ithontsi, ipere, i-oval, i-baroque, kunye nesangqa.

Iiperile ezizijikelezileyo ngokugqibeleleyo zezona zinqabileyo kwaye zinexabiso.

  • I-semi-rounds ikwasetyenziswa kwiintsimbi zomqala okanye kwiziqwenga apho imilo yeperile inokufihlwa ukuze ibukeke ngathi yiperile engqukuva ngokugqibeleleyo.
  • Iiperile zamaqhosha zifana neperile engqukuva engqukuva kancinane kwaye inokwenza nentsimbi yomqala, kodwa isetyenziswa rhoqo kwipendenti enye okanye amacici apho umva wesiqingatha seperile ugqunyiwe, nto leyo eyenza ibukeke njengeperile enkulu, engqukuva.
  • Iiperile ezilahlayo kunye neeperile ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba ziiperile ze-teardrop kwaye zihlala zibonwa kumacici, ipendants, okanye njengeperile ephakathi kwintsimbi yomqala.
  • Iiparele zeBaroque zinezibheno ezahlukeneyo; zidla ngokungalungelelananga kunye neemilo ezizodwa nezinika umdla. Zikwabonwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiintsimbi zomqala.
  • Iiparele ezijikelezayo zibonakaliswe ngamagqabantshintshi, okanye amakhonkco, ajikeleze umzimba weperile.

Ngaphantsi kwe-System Harmonized System (HS), iiperile zihlulwe zibe ngamacandelwana amathathu: i-7101100000 yeeperile zendalo, i-7101210000 yeeperile ezikhuliswe, ezingasebenzanga kunye ne-7101220000 yeeperile ezikhuliswe, zasebenza.


Ubukhazikhazi bePearl yaseINDONESIA

Kangangeenkulungwane, iperile yendalo yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi ibigqalwa njengebhaso lazo zonke iiperile. Ukufunyanwa kwezona bhedi zininzi zoLwandle lweeperile zaseMzantsi ingakumbi i-Indonesia kunye nommandla ojikelezileyo, njenge-North Australia ekuqaleni kwe-1800’s yafikelela kwithuba leeperile ezininzi eYurophu ngexesha le-Victorian.

Olu hlobo lweperile lwahlula kuzo zonke ezinye iiperile ngobungangamsha balo bendalo obutyebileyo. Le nacre yendalo ivelisa ukubengezela okungenakulinganiswa nanto, leyo ayinikeli nje “ukukhanya” njengezinye iiperile, kodwa inkangeleko ethambileyo entsonkothileyo, engabonakaliyo etshintsha isimo sengqondo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya. Ubuhle bale nacre obenze ukuba iperile yoLwandle lwaseMzantsi ithandeke kwiingcali zobucwebe ezinencasa ecalulayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Iveliswe ngokwendalo yenye yeembatyisi ezinkulu, iPinctada maxima, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiSilver-Lipped or Gold-Lipped oyster. Le mollusc yesilivere okanye enemilebe yegolide ingakhula ifikelele kubungakanani bepleyiti yesidlo sangokuhlwa kodwa inovelwano kakhulu kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo.

Olu buntununtunu longeza kwiindleko kunye nokunqaba kweeperile zoLwandle lwaseMazantsi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-Pinctada maxima ivelisa iiperile zobukhulu obukhulu ukusuka kwi-9 millimeters ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 millimeters kunye nobukhulu obuphakathi kweemilimitha ezili-12. Kubalelwa kubukhulu be-nacre, iperile yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi idume ngohlobo lweemilo ezizodwa nezinqwenelekayo ezifunyenweyo.

Ngaphezulu kobo buhle, iperile yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi nayo inemibala eyahlukeneyo ukusuka kwikhrimu ukuya kumthubi ukuya kwigolide enzulu kwaye ukusuka kumhlophe ukuya kwisilivere. Iiperile zinokubonisa “i-overtone” ethandekayo yombala owahlukileyo onjengopinki, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye oluhlaza.

Kule mihla, njengokuba kunjalo nangezinye iiperile zendalo, iperile yendalo yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi phantse yanyamalala kwiimarike zehlabathi. Uninzi lweeperile zoLwandle lwaseMzantsi ezikhoyo namhlanje zilinywa kwiifama zeeperile kuLwandle oluseMzantsi.

Iiperile zoLwandle lwase-Indonesia zase-Indonesia

Njengomvelisi ohamba phambili, i-Indonesia, umntu unokuvavanya ubuhle babo ngokukhazimula, umbala, ubungakanani, imilo kunye nomgangatho womphezulu. Iiperile ezinombala obalaseleyo weImperial Gold ziveliswa kuphela ziimbatyisi ezilinywa kumanzi aseIndonesia. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-luster, iiperile zoLwandle lwaseMzantsi, zombini zendalo kunye nenkcubeko, zinenkangeleko ehluke kakhulu.

Ngenxa yokubengezela kwendalo okungaqhelekanga, babonakalisa ukukhazimla okuthambileyo kwangaphakathi okwahluke ngokuphawulekayo kokubengezela komphezulu kwezinye iiperile. Ngamanye amaxesha kuchazwa njengokuthelekisa ukukhanya kwekhandlela kunye nokukhanya kwe-fluorescent.

Ngamanye amaxesha, iiperile zomgangatho omhle kakhulu ziya kubonisa into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-orient. Olu ludibaniso lwe-luster eguquguqukayo kunye nokubonakaliswa okufihlakeleyo kombala. Eyona mibala ikhazimlayo yeeperile zoLwandle lwaseMazantsi imhlophe okanye imhlophe enemibala eyahlukeneyo.

I-Overtones ingaba phantse nawuphi na umbala we-rainbow, kwaye ithathwe kwimibala yendalo ye-nacre ye-oyster yoLwandle lwe-pearl oyster. Xa zidityaniswe ne-translucent intense luster, zenza umphumo owaziwa ngokuba yi “orient”. Imibala efumaneka kakhulu iquka, iSilivere, iPinki emhlophe, iRose emhlophe, iGolden White, iGold Cream, iChampagne kunye neImperial Gold.

Umbala wegolide wobukhosi ngowona unqabileyo kuzo zonke. Lo mbala ubalaseleyo uveliswa kuphela ziimbatyisi ezilinywa kumanzi aseIndonesia. Iiperile ezikhuliswe kuLwandle lwaseMazantsi zingaphezulu ngobukhulu, kwaye zihlala ziphakathi kwe-10mm kunye ne-15 millimeters.

Xa ubungakanani obukhulu bufunyenwe, iiperile ezinqabileyo ezingaphezu kweemilimitha ezili-16 kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ezingaphezulu kwe-20 millimeters zixatyiswa kakhulu ngabachwephesha. Ukuba ubuhle bukwiso lombukeli, ke iiperile zoLwandle lwaseMzantsi zibonelela ngamathuba amaninzi obuhle bokubona, njengoko kungekho ziperile zimbini zifana ncam. Ngenxa yobukhulu be-nacre yazo, iiperile ezikhuliswe kuLwandle lwaseMazantsi zifumaneka kwiintlobo ezinomdla zeemilo.

I-Pearl nacre yi-matrix enhle ye-calcium carbonate crystals kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo eziveliswa yi-oyster. Le matrix ibekwe phantsi kwiithayile ezincinci ezenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo, umaleko phezu komgangatho. Ubunzima beparele bunqunywe ngamanani amanqanaba, kunye nobukhulu boluhlu ngalunye.

Ukubonakala kwe-nacre kuya kugqitywa ukuba i-crystals ye-calcium “i-flat” okanye “i-prismatic”, ngokugqibeleleyo apho iileyili zibekwe khona, kunye nokunciphisa kunye nenani leengqungquthela zeetayile. Isiphumo
kubuhle beperile kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokubonakala kwezi zifezekiso. Lo mgangatho womphezulu weperile uchazwa njengombala weperile.

Nangona imilo ingawuchaphazeli umgangatho weperile, imfuno yeemilo ezithile inento yokwenza nexabiso. Ukuze kube lula, iiperile ezikhuliswe kuLwandle lwaseMazantsi zihlelwa kwezi ntlobo zisixhenxe zeemilo. Iindidi ezininzi zohlulwe kwakhona ngokwamacandelwana amaninzi:

1) Umjikelo;
2) SemiRound;
3) iBaroque;
4) I-Semi-Baroque;
5) Ukulahla;
6) Isangqa;
7) Iqhosha.

Ubuhle bukaKumkanikazi wePearl yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi

I-Indonesia ivelisa iiperile zoLwandle lwaseMazantsi ezilinywa kwi-Pinctada maxima, eyona ntlobo inkulu yeoyster. Njengeziqithi ezinendawo ecocekileyo, iIndonesia ibonelela ngeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yePinctada maxima ukuvelisa iiperile ezikumgangatho ophezulu. I-Pinctada maxima yase-Indonesia ivelisa iiperile ezinemibala engaphezulu kweshumi elinesibini.

Iiperile ezinqabileyo nezixabisekileyo eziveliswayo zezo zinemibala yegolide neyesilivere. Uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwemithunzi ethambileyo, phakathi kwezinye, isilivere, i-champagne, emhlophe eqaqambileyo, epinki kunye negolide, kunye nePerile yeGolide yobukhosi njengeyona ibalaseleyo kuzo zonke iiperile.

Iperile yoMbala weGolide yoBukhosi eveliswe ziimbatyisi ezilinywa kumanzi acocekileyo ase-Indonesia ngokwenene yiKumkanikazi yoLwandle lwasePearl. Nangona amanzi aseIndonesia ilikhaya leperile yoLwandle lwaseMazantsi, ummiselo uyafuneka ukuze kulawulwe urhwebo lwasekhaya kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho kunye nexabiso leperile. Urhulumente kunye namaqela anxulumene nawo
wakha ubudlelwane obuluqilima ukusombulula umngeni.

Kwimeko yeeperile zaseTshayina, ezikhuliswa kwiimbaza zamanzi afreshi kwaye kurhaneleka ukuba zinezinga eliphantsi, urhulumente uye wathatha amanyathelo okhuseleko afana nokukhupha iMimiselo yoMphathiswa wezokuLoba kunye neMicimbi yaseLwandle enguNombolo 8/2003 kuLawulo loBulunga bePearl. Umlinganiselo uyimfuneko njengeeperile zaseTshayina ezinomgangatho ophantsi kodwa zikhangeleka zifana kakhulu neeperile zaseIndonesia. inokuba yingozi kumaziko okuvelisa iiperile zase-Indonesian eBali naseLombok.

Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweeparele zase-Indonesia kubonise ukwanda okukhulu kwixesha le-2008-2012 kunye nokukhula okuphakathi konyaka kwe-19.69%. Ngo-2012, uninzi lwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zazilawulwa ziiperile zendalo kwi-51%.22. Iiperile ezikhuliswe, zingasetyenzwanga, zilandelwa kwisibini esikude kunye ne-31.82% kunye neeperile ezikhuliswe, zasebenza, kwi-16.97%.

I-Indonesia yathunyelwa ngaphandle kweeperile ngo-2008 kuphela kwi-US $ 14.29 yezigidi ngaphambi kokuba inyuke kakhulu kwi-US $ 22.33 yezigidi ngo-2009.

Umzobo 1. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweeperile zase-Indonesia (2008-2012)

inyuke yaya kutsho kwi-US$31.43 yezigidi kunye ne-US$31.79 yezigidi ngo-2010 nango-2011 ngokulandelelanayo. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, nangona kunjalo, kwancitshiswa ukuya kwi-US $ 29.43 yezigidi ngo-2012.

Ukwehla ngokubanzi kuqhubekile kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala zika-2013 ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-US $ 9.30 yezigidi, ukucutha kwe-24.10% xa kuthelekiswa ne-US $ 12.34 yezigidi ngexesha elifanayo ngo-2012.

Umzobo 2. INdawo yokuThumela ngaphandle kwe-Indonesia (2008-2012)

Ngo-2012, ezona ndawo zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwiiperile zase-Indonesia yayiyiHong Kong, Australia, neJapan. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Hong Kong yi-US$13.90 yezigidi okanye i-47.24% yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweeperile zase-Indonesia. I-Japan ibe yindawo yesibini ekuthunyelweni ngaphandle kwe-US $ 9.30 yezigidi (31.60%) kwaye ilandelwa yi-Australia nge-US $ 5.99 yezigidi (20.36%) kunye noMzantsi Korea nge-US $ 105,000 (0.36%) kunye neThailand nge-US $36,000 (0.12%).

Kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala ze-2013, i-Hong Kong iphinde yaba yindawo ephezulu yokusingwa kunye ne-US $ 4.11 yezigidi zexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kweeperile, okanye i-44.27%. I-Australia ithathe indawo ye-Japan kwindawo yesibini nge-US$2.51 yezigidi (27.04%) yaze i-Japan yabakwisithathu nge-US$2.36 yezigidi (25.47%) yaze yalandelwa yi-Thailand nge-US$274,000 (2.94%) kunye noMzantsi Korea nge-US$25,000 (0.27%).

Nangona i-Hong Kong ibonise ukukhula okungaqhelekanga ngonyaka kwe-124.33% kwixesha lika-2008-2012, ukukhula kwekhontrakthi ye-39.59% kwiinyanga ezintlanu zokuqala zika-2013 xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elifanayo ngo-2012. %

Umzobo 3. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Indonesia ngePhondo (2008-2012)

Uninzi lweeperile zase-Indonesia ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zivela e-Bali, eJakarta, eSouth Sulawesi, nakwi-West Nusa Tenggara kumaphondo anexabiso ukusuka kwi-US$1,000 ukuya kwi-US $22 yezigidi.

Umzobo 4. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweeperile, i-nat okanye ihlelo, njl.njl kwiLizwe ngelizwe (2012)

Ixabiso leperile yehlabathi lilonke ngowama-2012 lifikelele kwi-US$1.47 yebhiliyoni ebiyi-6.47% ngaphantsi kwenani leeperile ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ngo-2011 le-US$1.57 yebhiliyoni. Kwithuba lika-2008-2012, umyinge wonyaka ubandezeleke ngenxa ye-contraction ye-1.72%. Ngo-2008, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweeperile kwihlabathi kufikelele kwi-US $ 1.75 yebhiliyoni kuphela ukwehla kwiminyaka elandelayo. Ngo-2009, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwehlisiwe ukuya kwi-US$1.39 yebhiliyoni phambi kokuba kuchongwe ukuya kutsho kwi-US$1.42 yebhiliyoni kunye ne-US$157 yebhiliyoni ngo-2010 nango-2011 ngokulandelelanayo.

IHong Kong ibiyeyona iphezulu ekuthengiseni impahla ngaphandle ngo-2012 nge-US$408.36 yezigidi ngesabelo semalike sama-27.73%. I-China ibikwindawo yesibini ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-US$283.97 yezigidi eyenza i-19.28% yesabelo semarike ilandelwa yi-Japan kwi-US$210.50 yezigidi (14.29%), i-Australia ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-US$173.54 yezigidi (11.785) kunye neFrench Polynesia ethe yathumela ngaphandle i-US$76.18 yezigidi ( 5.17%) ukusonga iTop 5.

Kwindawo yesi-6 ibe yi-United States ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-US$65.60 yezigidi ngesabelo semarike ye-4.46% ilandelwa yi-Switzerland kwi-US$54.78 yezigidi (3.72%) kunye ne-United Kingdom ethumele ngaphandle kwe-US$33.04 yezigidi (2.24%). Ukuthumela ngaphandle kwe-US $ 29.43 yezigidi zeeperile zexabiso, i-Indonesia ibeka i-9 kunye nesabelo semarike ye-2% ngelixa iiPhilippines zagqiba uluhlu oluphezulu lwe-10 kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-US $ 23.46 yezigidi (1.59%) kwi-2012.

Umzobo 5. Isabelo kunye nokuKhula kokuthengiswa kweLizwe ngaPhandle (%)

Ngexesha le-2008-2012, i-Indonesia inokukhula okuphezulu kwe-19.69% ilandelwa yiPhilippines kwi-15.62%. I-China ne-United States ibe kuphela kwamanye amazwe athe afumana intsingiselo yokukhula okulungileyo kwi-9% kunye ne-10.56% ngokulandelelanayo phakathi kwamazwe ali-10 aPhezulu.

I-Indonesia, nangona kunjalo, ihlupheke kwi-7.42% ye-contraction unyaka nonyaka phakathi kuka-2011 kunye no-2012 kunye ne-Philippines enokukhula okukhulu konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-38.90% kunye ne-Australia ibe yeyona ndlela imbi kakhulu eyenza ikhontrakthi ye-31.08%.

Ngaphandle kweOstreliya, ekuphela kwamazwe akwi-10 abathengisi ngaphandle abarekhode ukukhula kwiiperile zabo ezithumela ngaphandle
i-United States ngokukhula kwe-22.09%, i-United Kingdom kunye ne-21.47% kunye ne-Switzerland kwi-20.86%.

Ihlabathi lingenise i-US $ 1.33 yeebhiliyoni zexabiso leeperile kwi-2012, okanye i-11.65% engaphantsi kwenani le-2011 le-US $ 1.50 yezigidigidi. Ngexesha lika-2008-2011, ukungenisa elizweni kuye kwachaphazeleka kwi-avareji yomyinge wonyaka we-3.5%. Ukungeniswa kweeperile kwihlabathi kufikelele phezulu kwi-2008 kunye ne-US $ 1.71 yebhiliyoni ngaphambi kokuba yehle ukuya kwi-US $ 1.30.

Umzobo 6. Ukungeniswa kweeperile, i-nat okanye ihlelo, njl njl Ukusuka kwiHlabathi

ibhiliyoni ngo-2009. Ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kubonise i-rebound trend ngo-2010 kunye no-2011 kunye ne-US $ 1.40 yebhiliyoni kunye ne-US $ 1.50 yebhiliyoni ngokulandelelanayo ngaphambi kokuwa phantsi kwi-US $ 1.33 ngo-2012.

Phakathi kwabathumeli bangaphandle, iJapan iye yagqwesa kuluhlu ngo-2012 ngokungenisa i-US$371.06 yezigidi zeeperile zexabiso leeperile kwisabelo semarike ye-27.86% yexabiso leperile yehlabathi lilonke le-US$1.33 yebhiliyoni. IHong Kong ibikwindawo yesibini ngokungeniswa ngaphandle kwe-US$313.28 yezigidi ngesabelo semarike esiyi-23.52% ilandelwa yi-United States nge-US$221.21 yezigidi (16.61%), i-Australia kwi-US$114.79 yezigidi (8.62%) kunye neSwitzerland kwindawo yesihlanu ekude. ukungenisa kwe-US $ 47.99 (3.60%).

I-Indonesia ingenise kuphela i-US $ 8,000 yexabiso leperile kwi-2012 emi kwindawo ye-104.

Umbhali : Hendro Jonathan Sahat

Ipapashwe ngu : ICANDELO JIKELELE LOPHUHLISO LOKUTHUNYELWA KWAMANYE AMAZWE KAZWELONKE. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo kwiRiphabhlikhi yase-Indonesia.

Ditjen PEN/MJL/82/X/2013