Indonesia South Sea Pearl
Indonesia bụ agwaetiti kacha ibu n’ụwa nwere akụ azụ na ngwaahịa mmiri. Otu n’ime ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ bụ pearl nke Oké Osimiri South, nke a na-arụ ụka na otu n’ime ụdị pearl kacha mma. Ọbụghị naanị na e nyere nnukwu akụ sitere n’okike, Indonesia nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nka nwere nka nka dị elu.
N’isiokwu a, anyị na-ewetara gị ngwaahịa Indonesian ọzọ pụrụ iche, pearl South Sea. Dị ka obodo dị n’okporo ụzọ nke oke osimiri abụọ na kọntinent abụọ, omenala Indonesia na-egosiputa ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ogologo mmekọrịta dị n’etiti omenala ụmụ amaala na ọtụtụ mmetụta mba ọzọ. Ọdịbendị nke Indonesia bara ụba na-enye ụwa nka nka dị iche iche nke pearl.
Otu n’ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị elu n’ụwa, Indonesia na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ebupụ pearl n’ahịa mba ụwa, dị ka Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea na Thailand. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ si kwuo, uru mbupụ nke pearl toro 19.69% na nkezi kwa afọ n’ime oge 2008-2012. N’ime ọnwa ise mbụ nke 2013, ọnụ ahịa mbupụ ruru US $ 9.30 nde.
A na-ele pearl dị elu anya dị ka otu n’ime ihe ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa mara mma kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ bara uru. Na teknụzụ, a na-emepụta pearl n’ime molusc dị ndụ, n’ime anụ ahụ dị nro ma ọ bụ uwe mwụda.
A na-eme pel nke calcium carbonate n’ụdị kristal nkeji nkeji, dị ka shei nke dị jụụ, n’ígwé ndị dị nro. Otu pearl dị mma ga-adị okirikiri ma dịkwa larịị mana enwere ọtụtụ ụdị pears ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ pearl baroque.
Ebe ọ bụ na e ji calcium carbonate na-eme pearl, a pụrụ igbari ya na mmanya mmanya. Calcium carbonate na-enwe ike ịnweta ọbụna ngwọta acid na-adịghị ike n’ihi na kristal nke calcium carbonate na-emeghachi omume na acetic acid dị na mmanya na-emepụta calcium acetate na carbon dioxide.
Anụ pel ndị e kere eke na-eme n’otu oge n’ime ọhịa bụ ihe kacha baa uru ma n’otu oge ahụ dị ụkọ. A na-azụkarị pearl oysters na mmiri dị ọhụrụ n’ọzụzụ pel ndị dị ugbu a n’ahịa.
A na-emepụta pearl nṅomi n’ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ọla na-adịghị ọnụ n’agbanyeghị na àgwà ya dị ala karịa nke eke. A na-eji pearl arụrụ arụ na-adịghị mma, a na-esikwa ya dị iche na nke eke.
Ịdị mma pearl, ma ndị sitere n’okike na nke a na-akọ, na-adabere n’ịdị mma na nke na-adịghị mma dị ka ime shei na-emepụta ha. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akọkarị pearl ma na-egbute ya iji mee ọla, a kpakwara ya n’uwe ndị mara mma nakwa nke a kụpịara ma jiri ya mee ihe ịchọ mma, ọgwụ na ihe ndị e ji agba agba.
Ụdị pel
Enwere ike kewaa pel n’ụdị atọ dabere na nhazi ya: eke, omenala na nṅomi. Tupu e bibie pearl eke, ihe dị ka otu narị afọ gara aga, pearl niile a chọpụtara bụ pearl eke.
Taa pearl eke dị ụkọ, a na-erekwa ya n’ahịa ahịa na New York, London na ebe mba ụwa ndị ọzọ na ọnụ ahịa ntinye ego. Akpụkpọ anụ pel bụ, site na nkọwa, ụdị pearl niile nke emere site na mberede, na-enweghị enyemaka mmadụ.
Ha bụ ihe ndapụta, nke nwere mmalite nke na-akpasu iwe dị ka parasaiti na-agbapụta. Ohere nke ihe okike a dị ntakịrị ntakịrị n’ihi na ọ dabere na ntinye na-adịghị mma nke ihe si mba ọzọ na oporo enweghị ike ịchụpụ n’ahụ ya.
Otu pearl nwere omenala na-eme otu usoro ahụ. N’ihe banyere pearl eke, oporo na-arụ ọrụ naanị ya, ebe pearl omenala bụ ihe sitere n’aka mmadụ. Iji mee ka oporo mepụta pearl, onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-ama ụma tinye ihe mgbakasị ahụ n’ime oporo. Ihe a na-etinye n’ịwa ahụ bụ mpempe shei a na-akpọ Nne Pearl.
Ọ bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị Britain bụ William Saville-Kent na Australia mepụtara usoro a wee bute ya na Japan site n’aka Tokichi Nishikawa na Tatsuhei Mise. Enyere Nishikawa patent na 1916, wee lụọ ada Mikimoto Kokichi.
Mikimoto nwere ike iji teknụzụ Nishikawa. Mgbe e nyechara patent ahụ n’afọ 1916, a na-eji nkà na ụzụ ahụ mee ihe ozugbo n’ahịa Akoya pearl oysters dị na Japan na 1916. Nwanne Mise bụ onye mbụ rụpụtara ihe ọkụkụ pel na-azụ ahịa n’otu oyster Akoya.
Mitsubishi’s Baron Iwasaki tinyere teknụzụ ahụ ozugbo na oporo pearl nke Oke Osimiri Ndịda na 1917 na Philippines, ma mesịa na Buton, na Palau. Mitsubishi bụ onye mbụ rụpụtara pearl dị n’Ebe Ndịda Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ – ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ na 1928 ka e mepụtara obere pearl mbụ nke azụmahịa.
Pearl nṅomi bụ akụkọ dị iche kpamkpam. N’ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-etinye bead ugegbe n’ime ihe ngwọta nke sitere na akpịrịkpa azụ. Ihe mkpuchi a dị gịrịgịrị ma nwee ike ịka nká. Mmadụ nwere ike na-egosikarị ihe nṅomi site n’ịta ya ọnụ. Pearl adịgboroja na-agafe ezé gị, ebe akwa nacre na ezigbo pearl na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma. A maara Island nke Mallorca dị na Spen maka ụlọ ọrụ na-eṅomi pearl.
Pearl nacre bụ matriks mara mma nke kristal calcium carbonate na ihe pụrụ iche nke oporo na-emepụta. A na-edobere matriks a n’ime taịlị ndị a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọma, oyi akwa n’elu oyi akwa. A na-ekpebi oke nke pearl site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwa akwa, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa ọ bụla.
A ga-ekpebi ọdịdị nke nacre ma ọ bụrụ na kristal calcium “dị larịị” ma ọ bụ “prismatic”, site na izu okè nke a na-etinye taịlị ndị ahụ, na ịdị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwa akwa. Mmetụta
na mma pearl na-adabere n’ókè nke visibiliti nke ndị a zuru okè. A na-akọwa àgwà elu elu nke pearl ahụ dị ka ọdịdị pearl.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịdị ahụ adịghị emetụta ịdị mma nke pearl, ọchịchọ maka ọdịdị ụfọdụ na-emetụta uru. Maka ịdị mma, a na-edobe pearl omenala nke ndịda n’ụdị ụdị asaa a. A na-ekewakwa ọtụtụ ngalaba n’ime ọtụtụ ngalaba:
1) Gburugburu;
2) SemiRound;
3) Baroque;
4) Semi-Baroque;
5) tụfuo;
6) gburugburu;
7) bọtịnụ.
The Queen Mma nke South Sea Pearl
Indonesia na-emepụta pearl ndịda South Sea nke a na-akọ site na Pinctada maxima, ụdị oporo kacha ibu. Dị ka agwaetiti nke nwere gburugburu ebe mara mma, Indonesia na-enye ebe kacha mma maka Pinctada maxima iji mepụta pearl dị elu. Pinctada maxima nke Indonesia na-emepụta pearl nwere ihe karịrị iri na abuo nke ndo agba.
A na-emepụta pearl ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị bara uru bụ ndị nwere agba ọla edo na ọlaọcha. Ụdị dị iche iche nke ndò dị nro, n’etiti ndị ọzọ, ọlaọcha, champeenu, ọcha na-egbuke egbuke, pink na ọla edo, na Imperial Gold Pearl dị ka ihe kachasị mma na pearl niile.
Acha ọla edo nke Imperial nke oysters na-akọ na mmiri Indonesian dị ọcha bụ n’ezie Pearl Queen nke Ndịda Oké Osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri Indonesian bụ ebe obibi maka pearl nke Oké Osimiri Ndịda, a chọrọ iwu iji chịkwaa ịzụ ahịa ụlọ na mbupụ iji hụ na ịdị mma na ọnụ ahịa pearl dị. Gọọmentị na ndị ọzọ metụtara nwere
wulitere mmekọrịta siri ike iji dozie ihe ịma aka ahụ.
N’ihe banyere pearl ndị China, bụ ndị a na-esi na mmiri mmiri dị ọcha na-emepụta ma na-enyo enyo na ha nwere ọkwa dị ala, gọọmenti ewerela nlezianya dị ka site n’iwepụta Iwu Ndị Minista na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ na ihe gbasara ụgbọ mmiri nke 8/2003 na njikwa mma Pearl. Ihe nha dị mkpa dị ka pearl ndị China nke nwere àgwà dị ala mana ọ dị ka pearl Indonesian. nwere ike ịghọ ihe iyi egwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta pearl Indonesian na Bali na Lombok.
Mbupụ nke pearl Indonesian egosila mmụba dị ịrịba ama na oge nke 2008-2012 na nkezi uto kwa afọ nke 19.69%. N’afọ 2012, ọtụtụ n’ime mbupụ bụ pearl eke sitere na 51%22. Pearl omenala, nke a na-arụghị ọrụ, sochiri nke abụọ dị anya na 31.82% na pearl omenala, na-arụ ọrụ, na 16.97%.
Indoneshia mbupụ pearl na 2008 bụ naanị ọnụ ahịa US $ 14.29 nde tupu abawanye nke ukwuu ruo US $ 22.33 nde na 2009. Uru n’ihu
Ọgụgụ 1. Mbupụ pel Indonesian (2008-2012)
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gbagoro na US$31.43 nde na US$31.79 na 2010 na 2011 n’otu n’otu. Otú ọ dị, e wedara mbupụ gaa na US$29.43 na 2012.
Usoro mbelata n’ozuzu gara n’ihu na ọnwa ise mbụ nke 2013 na mbupụ nke US $ 9.30 nde, nkwekọrịta nke 24.10% ma e jiri ya tụnyere US $ 12.34 nde n’otu oge ahụ na 2012.
Ọgụgụ 2. Ebe mbupụ Indonesian (2008-2012)
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Na 2012, isi ebe mbupụ pearl Indonesian bụ Hong Kong, Australia, na Japan. Mbupụ na Hong Kong bụ US $13.90 nde ma ọ bụ 47.24% nke mkpokọta mbupụ pearl Indonesian. Japan bụ ebe mbupụ mbupụ nke abụọ na US $ 9.30 nde (31.60%) wee soro Australia nwere US $ 5.99 nde (20.36%) yana South Korea nwere US $ 105,000 (0.36%) yana Thailand nwere US $ 36,000 (0.12%).
N’ime ọnwa ise mbụ nke 2013, Hong Kong bụkwa ebe kachasị elu na mbupụ pearl ruru nde US $ 4.11, ma ọ bụ 44.27%. Ọstrelia nọchiri Japan n’ọkwa nke abụọ jiri US$2.51 (27.04%) na Japan bụ nke atọ ji US$2.36 nde (25.47%) wee soro Thailand jiri US$274,000 (2.94%) na South Korea ji US$25,000 (0.27%) soro ya.
Ọ bụ ezie na Hong Kong gosipụtara ihe dị ịrịba ama nkezi nkezi kwa afọ nke 124.33% na oge 2008-2012, mmụba nke 39.59% nwetara n’ime ọnwa ise mbụ nke 2013 ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ na 2012. Mbupụ na Japan gosikwara nkwekọrịta yiri nke ahụ nke 35.69. %
Ọgụgụ 3. Mbupụ Indonesian site n’ógbè (2008-2012)
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Ọtụtụ n’ime mbupụ pearl Indonesia sitere na Bali, Jakarta, South Sulawesi, na West Nusa Tenggara ógbè nwere ụkpụrụ sitere na US $ 1,000 ruo US $ 22 nde.
Ọgụgụ 4. Mbupụ nke pel, nat ma ọ bụ òtù nzuzo, wdg gaa n’ụwa site na mba (2012)
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Mkpokọta pearl zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2012 ruru ijeri US $ 1.47 bụ 6.47% dị ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mbupụ na 2011 nke ijeri US $ 1.57. N’ime oge nke 2008-2012, nkezi kwa afọ na-ata ahụhụ site na nkwekọrịta nke 1.72%. Na 2008, mbupụ pearl n’ụwa ruru ijeri US $ 1.75 naanị iji dalata n’afọ ndị sochirinụ. N’afọ 2009, e belatara mbupụ na ijeri US $ 1.39 tupu ị nweta ihe ruru ijeri US $ 1.42 na US $ 157 na 2010 na 2011 n’otu n’otu.
Hong Kong bụ onye na-ebupụ mbupụ na 2012 nke $408.36 nde maka oke ahịa nke 27.73%. China bụ nke abụọ na mbupụ nke US $ 283.97 nde na-eme 19.28% nke ahịa ahịa na-esote Japan na US $ 210.50 (14.29%), Australia na mbupụ nke US $ 173.54 nde (11.785) na French Polynesia nke butere US $ 76.18 nde (14.29%). 5.17%) iji kechie Top 5.
N’ọkwa 6 bụ United States na mbupụ US $ 65.60 nde maka oke ahịa nke 4.46% sochiri Switzerland na US $ 54.78 nde (3.72%) na United Kingdom nke butere US $ 33.04 nde (2.24%). Na-ebupụ pearl US $ 29.43 nde, Indonesia họọrọ 9th na oke ahịa nke 2% ebe Philippines dechara ndepụta Top 10 na mbupụ nke US $ 23.46 nde (1.59%) na 2012.
Ọgụgụ 5. Kekọrịta na uto nke mbupụ ụwa (%)
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N’ime oge 2008-2012, Indonesia nwere usoro uto kachasị elu nke 19.69% nke Philippines na-esote 15.62%. China na United States bụ naanị mbupụ ndị ọzọ nwetara usoro uto dị mma na 9% na 10.56% n’otu n’otu n’etiti mba 10 kacha elu.
Otú ọ dị, Indonesia nwere ahụhụ site na nkwụsị nke 7.42% kwa afọ n’etiti 2011 na 2012 na Philippines nwere nnukwu ọganihu afọ na afọ nke 38.90% na Australia bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị njọ nke nwetara 31.08%.
Ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Australia, naanị mba dị na Top 10 mbupụ mbupụ bụ ndị dekọtara uto na mbupụ pearl ha
United States nwere uto nke 22.09%, United Kingdom nwere 21.47% na Switzerland na 20.86%.
Ụwa webatara ọnụ ahịa pearl US $ 1.33 na 2012, ma ọ bụ 11.65% dị ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mbubata 2011 nke ijeri US $ 1.50. N’ime oge 2008-2011, mbubata nwere nkwekọrịta nkezi kwa afọ nke 3.5%. Mbubata pearl n’ụwa ruru nke kachasị elu na 2008 na ijeri US $ 1.71 tupu ọ daa na US $ 1.30
Ọgụgụ 6. Mbubata nke pel, nat ma ọ bụ òtù nzuzo, wdg Site na ụwa
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Ijeri na 2009. Mbubata gosiri na nlọghachi azụ na 2010 na 2011 na US $1.40 ijeri na US $1.50 n’otu n’otu tupu slumping ala US$1.33 na 2012.
N’ime ndị na-ebubata mbubata, Japan tolitere na ndepụta ahụ na 2012 site na mbubata pearl US $ 371.06 maka oke ahịa nke 27.86% nke mkpokọta pearl zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ijeri US $ 1.33. Hong Kong bụ nke abụọ na mbubata nke US $ 313.28 nde maka oke ahịa nke 23.52% sochiri United States na US $ 221.21 nde (16.61%), Australia na US $ 114.79 nde (8.62%) na Switzerland na ebe 5th dị anya nwere otu. mbubata US$47.99 (3.60%).
Indonesia webatara naanị pearl ọnụ ahịa US $8,000 na 2012 guzo n’ọkwa 104th.
Onye edemede: Hendro Jonathan Sahat
Biputere ya: DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NATIONAL EXPORT DEVELOPMENT. Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia.
Ditjen PEN/MJL/82/X/2013