Indonesia South Hiav Txwv Pearl
Indonesia yog lub ntiaj teb cov archipelago loj tshaj plaws nrog cov nplua nuj nuv ntses thiab cov khoom siv hauv hiav txwv. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam no yog South Hiav Txwv Pearl, arguably yog ib hom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pearl. Tsis tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov peev txheej ntuj tsim, Indonesia tseem muaj ntau tus kws txawj ua haujlwm nrog cov txuj ci ua haujlwm siab.
Nrog rau tsab xov xwm no, peb tab tom nqa koj lwm yam khoom tshwj xeeb Indonesian, Lub Hiav Txwv South Hiav Txwv. Raws li lub teb chaws nyob ntawm txoj kev hla ntawm ob lub hiav txwv thiab ob sab av loj, Indonesian kab lis kev cai qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntev ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm kev lis kev cai thiab ntau yam txawv teb chaws. Indonesia cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj ua rau lub ntiaj teb muaj ntau yam ntawm cov hlaws dai craftsmanship.
Ib lub ntiaj teb cov neeg ua si zoo tshaj plaws, Indonesia tau tsim thiab xa cov pearls mus rau thoob ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam, xws li Australia, Hong Kong, Nyiv, Kaus Lim Qab Teb thiab Thaib teb. Raws li kev txheeb cais, tus nqi xa tawm ntawm pearl loj hlob 19.69% nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib xyoo nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 2008-2012. Hauv thawj tsib lub hlis ntawm 2013, tus nqi xa tawm mus txog US $ 9.30 lab.
Cov hlaws zoo siab tau raug suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj rau ntau pua xyoo, nrog rau lwm cov gemstones. Technically, lub pearl yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob shelled molusc, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg mos los yog lub mantle.
Pearl yog ua los ntawm calcium carbonate nyob rau hauv feeb crystalline daim ntawv, ib yam li lub plhaub ntawm lub siab, nyob rau hauv concentric txheej. Ib qho zoo tagnrho hlaws yuav zoo kawg nkaus puag ncig thiab du tab sis muaj ntau lwm yam duab ntawm pears, hu ua baroque pearls.
Vim tias pearls yog tsim los ntawm calcium carbonate, lawv tuaj yeem yaj hauv vinegar. Calcium carbonate tuaj yeem raug rau cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog vim tias cov pob zeb ntawm calcium carbonate hnov mob nrog cov acetic acid nyob rau hauv vinegar los tsim calcium acetate thiab carbon dioxide.
Ntuj pearls uas tshwm sim spontaneously nyob rau hauv cov qus yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog tsawg heev. Pearls uas tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam feem ntau yog kab lis kev cai lossis ua liaj ua teb los ntawm pearl oysters thiab cov mussels dej tshiab.
Imitation pearls kuj tau tsim los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub pheej yig txawm hais tias qhov zoo yog qis dua li cov khoom ntuj tsim. Artificial pearls muaj qhov tsis zoo iridescence thiab yooj yim sib txawv ntawm cov ntuj tsim.
Qhov zoo ntawm pearls, ob qho tib si ntuj thiab cultivated sawv daws yuav, nyob ntawm seb nws ua nacreous thiab iridescent li yog sab hauv ntawm lub plhaub uas ua rau lawv. Txawm hais tias pearls feem ntau yog cog thiab sau los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, lawv kuj tau stitched rau hauv cov khaub ncaws lavish nrog rau crushed thiab siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj thiab hauv cov xim sib tov.
Hom Pearl
Pearls tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg raws li nws tsim: ntuj, kab lis kev cai thiab kev coj ua. Ua ntej qhov depletion ntawm natural pearls, txog ib puas xyoo dhau los, tag nrho cov pearls uas tau pom yog ntuj pearls.
Niaj hnub no ntuj pearls yog tsawg heev, thiab feem ntau yog muag ntawm auctions nyob rau hauv New York, London thiab lwm yam thoob ntiaj teb venues ntawm peev nqi. Ntuj pearls yog, los ntawm txhais, txhua hom pearls tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tib neeg.
Lawv yog cov khoom ntawm lub caij nyoog, nrog rau qhov pib uas yog ib qho irritant xws li burrowing parasite. Lub caij nyoog ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntuj no yog yuag heev vim nws nyob ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab nkag ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws uas cov oyster tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm nws lub cev.
Ib tug kab lis kev cai hlaws tau ua tib yam txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntuj pearls, lub oyster ua hauj lwm ib leeg, whereas cultured pearls yog cov khoom ntawm tib neeg kev cuam tshuam. Txhawm rau ntxias cov oyster los tsim cov hlaws, tus kws tshaj lij lub hom phiaj cog cov khauj khaum hauv cov oyster. Cov khoom uas raug phais implanted yog ib daim ntawm lub plhaub hu ua Niam Pearl.
Cov txheej txheem no tau tsim los ntawm British biologist William Saville-Kent hauv Australia thiab coj mus rau Nyiv los ntawm Tokichi Nishikawa thiab Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa tau tso cai patent xyoo 1916, thiab tau sib yuav tus ntxhais Mikimoto Kokichi.
Mikimoto muaj peev xwm siv Nishikawa’s thev naus laus zis. Tom qab patent tau tso cai rau xyoo 1916, thev naus laus zis tau siv tam sim ntawd rau Akoya pearl oysters hauv Nyij Pooj xyoo 1916. Mise tus tij laug yog thawj tus tsim cov qoob loo ntawm pearls hauv Akoya oyster.
Mitsubishi’s Baron Iwasaki tam sim ntawd siv thev naus laus zis rau South Hiav Txwv pearl oyster hauv xyoo 1917 hauv Philippines, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Buton, thiab Palau. Mitsubishi yog thawj tus tsim cov kab lis kev cai South Hiav Txwv Pearl – txawm hais tias nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1928 uas thawj cov qoob loo me me ntawm pearls tau ua tiav.
Imitation pearls yog ib zaj dab neeg sib txawv tag nrho. Feem ntau, lub iav hlaws yog dipped rau hauv ib qho kev daws ua los ntawm cov nplai ntses. Cov txheej txheem no nyias nyias thiab tuaj yeem hnav thaum kawg. Ib tug feem ntau tuaj yeem qhia qhov imitation los ntawm kev tom ntawm nws. Fake pearls glide hla koj cov hniav, thaum cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm nacre ntawm tiag pearls xav gritty. Lub Island of Mallorca hauv Spain paub txog nws txoj kev lag luam hlaws.
Muaj yim cov duab yooj yim ntawm pearls: puag ncig, ib nrab puag ncig, khawm, poob, pear, oval, baroque, thiab voj voog.
Perfectly round pearls yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
- Semi-rounds kuj siv rau hauv caj dab lossis hauv cov khoom uas cov duab ntawm lub hlaws tuaj yeem ua rau pom zoo li nws yog lub hlaws zoo kawg nkaus.
- Khawm pearls zoo li me ntsis flattened puag ncig hlaws thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua ib txoj hlua caj dab, tab sis feem ntau siv rau hauv ib lub pendants los yog qhwv ntsej uas lub nraub qaum ib nrab ntawm pearl npog, ua rau nws zoo li lub hlaws loj dua.
- Poob thiab pear-puab pearls qee zaum hu ua teardrop pearls thiab feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv tsej, pendants, los yog ib qho chaw hlaws hauv ib lub caj dab.
- Baroque pearls muaj qhov sib txawv; lawv feem ntau tsis sib xws nrog cov duab tshwj xeeb thiab nthuav. Lawv kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv necklaces.
- Circled pearls yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm concentric ridges, los yog rings, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cev ntawm pearl.
Raws li Harmonized System (HS), pearls tau muab faib ua peb pawg: 7101100000 rau cov pearls ntuj, 7101210000 rau pearls kab lis kev cai, tsis ua hauj lwm thiab 7101220000 rau cultured pearls, ua hauj lwm.
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Lub Glimmer Ntawm INDONESIA Pearl
Tau ntau pua xyoo, lub ntuj hiav txwv South Hiav Txwv tau raug suav tias yog khoom plig ntawm tag nrho cov pearls. Kev tshawb pom ntawm cov pob zeb loj tshaj plaws hauv South Hiav Txwv Pearl txaj hauv tshwj xeeb Indonesia thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig, xws li North Australia thaum ntxov 1800’s culminated nyob rau hauv feem ntau indulgent era ntawm pearls nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe thaum lub sij hawm Victorian era.
Hom pearl no txawv ntawm tag nrho lwm cov pearls los ntawm nws qhov zoo nkauj tuab ntuj nacre. Qhov no ntuj nacre tsim ib tug unequaled luster, ib tug uas tsis tsuas xa “ci” raws li nrog rau lwm yam pearls, tab sis ib tug complex mos, intangible tsos uas hloov mus ob peb vas nyob rau hauv lub teeb sib txawv. Qhov zoo nkauj ntawm no nacre uas tau endeared South Hiav txwv pearl rau cov kws jewelers nrog kev ntxub ntxaug saj nyob rau ntau pua xyoo.
Ib txwm ua los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov pearlbearing oysters loj tshaj plaws, Pinctada maxima, tseem hu ua Silver-Lipped lossis Kub-Lipped oyster. Cov nyiaj no los yog kub-lipped mollusc tuaj yeem loj hlob mus rau qhov loj ntawm lub phaj noj hmo tab sis muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Qhov no rhiab heev ntxiv rau tus nqi thiab tsis tshua muaj ntawm South Sea pearls. Raws li xws li, Pinctada maxima tsim pearls ntawm qhov loj me ntawm 9 millimeters mus rau ntau li 20 millimeters nrog qhov nruab nrab loj ntawm ib ncig ntawm 12 millimeters. Raws li lub thickness ntawm nacre, South Hiav txwv hlaws kuj nto moo rau ntau yam ntawm cov cim thiab xav tau cov duab pom.
Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov kev tsim txiaj, South Hiav Txwv hlaws kuj muaj cov xim ntawm cov xim los ntawm cov xim daj mus rau kub kub thiab los ntawm dawb los ntawm nyiaj. Cov pearls kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau pom qhov zoo nkauj “overtone” ntawm cov xim sib txawv xws li paj yeeb, xiav lossis ntsuab.
Niaj hnub no, ib yam li lwm cov pearls ntuj, lub ntuj South Sea pearls yuav luag ploj ntawm lub ntiaj teb pearls lag luam. Feem ntau ntawm South Hiav Txwv pearls muaj hnub no yog cog rau ntawm pearls nyob rau hauv South Hiav txwv.
Indonesia lub South Hiav Txwv Pearls
Raws li cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam, Indonesia, ib tus tuaj yeem ntsuas lawv qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov luster, xim, qhov loj me, cov duab thiab qhov zoo. Pearls nrog cov xim majestic ntawm Imperial Kub tsuas yog tsim los ntawm oysters cog hauv dej Indonesian. Hais txog luster, South Hiav Txwv pearls, ob qho tib si ntuj thiab kab lis kev cai, muaj qhov sib txawv heev.
Vim lawv qhov tshwj xeeb ntuj ci ntsa iab, lawv nthuav tawm lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab uas txawv txawv ntawm qhov ci ci ntawm lwm cov pearls. Qee lub sij hawm nws tau piav qhia tias yog piv qhov ci ntawm tswm ciab-lub teeb nrog lub teeb fluorescent.
Qee zaum, pearls ntawm qhov zoo heev yuav nthuav tawm qhov tshwm sim hu ua orient. Qhov no yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov luster translucent nrog maj mam reflections ntawm cov xim. Cov xim zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm South Hiav Txwv pearls yog dawb los yog dawb nrog ntau yam xim overtones.
Overtones tuaj yeem ua tau yuav luag txhua yam xim ntawm zaj sawv, thiab tau muab los ntawm cov xim ntuj ntawm nacre ntawm South Hiav Txwv pearl oyster. Thaum sib xyaw ua ke nrog lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab, lawv tsim cov nyhuv hu ua “orient”. Cov xim uas pom muaj xws li, Nyiaj, Paj Dawb, Dawb Rose, Golden Dawb, Kub Cream, Champagne thiab Imperial Kub.
Imperial kub xim yog qhov rarest ntawm tag nrho cov. Cov xim zoo nkauj no tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov oysters cog hauv dej Indonesian. Sab Qab Teb Hiav Txwv kab lis kev cai pearls yog qhov loj me, thiab feem ntau ntawm 10mm thiab 15 millimeters.
Thaum pom qhov loj dua, cov hlaws tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 16 millimeters thiab qee zaus nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 20 millimeters yog qhov khoom plig zoo heev los ntawm cov neeg paub. Yog hais tias kev zoo nkauj yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus saib, ces South Hiav txwv Pearls muaj ntau lub cib fim ntawm kev zoo nkauj los saib, vim tsis muaj ob lub pearls zoo ib yam. Vim lub thickness ntawm lawv cov nacre, South Hiav txwv kab lis kev cai pearls pom nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo siab ntau yam ntawm cov duab.
Pearl nacre yog ib qho zoo nkauj matrix ntawm calcium carbonate crystals thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tsim los ntawm cov oyster. Qhov no matrix yog nteg nyob rau hauv zoo kawg nkaus tsim microscopic vuas, txheej raws li txheej. Lub thickness ntawm pearl yog txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm txheej, thiab thickness ntawm txhua txheej.
Cov tsos ntawm nacre yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm seb cov calcium uas muaju yog “pas” lossis “prismatic”, los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas cov vuas tau tso, thiab los ntawm qhov zoo thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov vuas. Cov nyhuv
ntawm pearl txoj kev zoo nkauj nyob ntawm seb qhov pom ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov saum npoo zoo ntawm pearl yog piav raws li pearl’s complexion.
Txawm hais tias cov duab tsis cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm lub hlaws, qhov kev thov rau cov duab tshwj xeeb muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi. Rau kev yooj yim, South Hiav Txwv kab lis kev cai pearls tau muab qhab nia rau hauv xya pawg zoo li no. Ob peb pawg tau muab faib ua ntau yam sub-categories:
1) Round;
2) SemiRound;
3) Baroque;
4) Semi-Baroque;
5) Poob;
6) Vajvoog;
7) Khawm.
Poj huab tais kev zoo nkauj ntawm South Hiav Txwv Pearl
Indonesia tsim South Hiav Txwv Pearls uas tau cog los ntawm Pinctada maxima, hom loj tshaj plaws ntawm oyster. Raws li ib tug archipelago nrog ib tug pristine ib puag ncig, Indonesia muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws ib puag ncig rau Pinctada maxima los tsim pearls zoo. Indonesia’s Pinctada maxima tsim pearls nrog ntau tshaj li kaum ob xim ntxoov.
Cov pearls uas tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws yog cov uas muaj xim kub thiab nyiaj. Ntau yam ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj, ntawm lwm tus, nyiaj, champagne, ci ntsa iab dawb, liab dawb thiab kub, nrog Imperial Kub Pearl yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov pearls.
Lub Imperial Kub Xim Pearl tsim los ntawm oysters cultivated nyob rau hauv pristine Indonesian dej yog nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag poj huab tais ntawm South Hiav txwv Pearl. Txawm hais tias Indonesian dej yog lub tsev rau South Hiav Txwv Pearl, yuav tsum muaj kev cai tswj hwm kev lag luam hauv tsev thiab xa tawm kom paub meej qhov zoo thiab tus nqi ntawm pearl. Tsoom fwv thiab cov koom haum muaj feem xyuam
tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo los daws qhov kev sib tw.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Suav pearls, uas yog kab lis kev cai los ntawm cov dej tshiab mussels thiab xav tias yuav muaj qib qis, tsoom fwv tau ua ib co kev ceev faj xws li los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov Fishery and Maritime Affairs Ministerial Regulations No. 8/2003 on Pearl Quality Control. Kev ntsuas yog tsim nyog raws li suav pearls uas muaj qhov tsis zoo tab sis zoo heev zoo li Indonesian pearls. tuaj yeem dhau los ua kev hem thawj rau Indonesian pearl ntau lawm chaw hauv Bali thiab Lombok.
Kev xa tawm ntawm Indonesian pearls tau pom tias muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 2008-2012 nrog qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 19.69%. Nyob rau hauv 2012, feem ntau ntawm cov exports yog dominated los ntawm ntuj pearls ntawm 51% 22. Kab lis kev cai hlaws, tsis ua haujlwm, ua raws li nyob deb li ob nrog 31.82% thiab kab lis kev cai hlaws, ua haujlwm, ntawm 16.97%.
Indonesia export pearls nyob rau hauv 2008 tsuas yog tus nqi ntawm US $ 14.29 lab ua ntej ho nce mus rau US $ 22.33 lab nyob rau hauv 2009. Tus nqi ntxiv
Daim duab 1. Indonesian Export ntawm Pearls (2008-2012)
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nce mus rau US $ 31.43 lab thiab US $ 31.79 lab nyob rau hauv 2010 thiab 2011 feem. Export, txawm li cas los xij, raug txo rau US $ 29.43 lab hauv 2012.
Kev txo qis tag nrho txuas ntxiv hauv thawj tsib lub hlis xyoo 2013 nrog kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 9.30 lab, ib qho kev cog lus ntawm 24.10% thaum piv rau US $ 12.34 lab hauv tib lub sijhawm xyoo 2012.
Daim duab 2. Indonesian Export Destination (2008-2012)
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Nyob rau hauv 2012, qhov loj export destinations rau Indonesian pearls yog Hong Kong, Australia, thiab Nyiv. Kev xa tawm mus rau Hong Kong yog US $ 13.90 lab lossis 47.24% ntawm tag nrho Indonesian pearl export. Nyiv yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws xa tawm nrog US $ 9.30 lab (31.60%) thiab tom qab ntawd Australia nrog US $ 5.99 lab (20.36%) thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb nrog US $ 105,000 (0.36%) thiab Thaib teb nrog US $ 36,000 (0.12%).
Hauv thawj tsib lub hlis ntawm 2013, Hong Kong tau rov ua dua qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws nrog US $ 4.11 lab tus nqi ntawm pearl export, lossis 44.27%. Australia hloov Nyiv rau qhov thib ob nrog US $ 2.51 lab (27.04%) thiab Nyiv yog thib peb nrog US $ 2.36 lab (25.47%) thiab tom qab ntawd Thaib teb nrog US $ 274,000 (2.94%) thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb nrog US $ 25,000 (0.27%).
Txawm hais tias Hong Kong tau pom qhov txawv txav nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 124.33% hauv 2008-2012 lub sijhawm, kev loj hlob tau cog lus los ntawm 39.59% hauv thawj tsib lub hlis ntawm 2013 piv rau tib lub sijhawm hauv 2012. Kev xa tawm mus rau Nyiv kuj pom zoo sib xws ntawm kev cog lus ntawm 35.69. %
Daim duab 3. Indonesian Export los ntawm Xeev (2008-2012)
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Feem ntau ntawm Indonesian pearl exports yog los ntawm Bali, Jakarta, South Sulawesi, thiab West Nusa Tenggara cov xeev uas muaj nuj nqis txij li US $ 1,000 txog US $ 22 lab.
Daim duab 4. Export ntawm Pearls, nat lossis cult, thiab lwm yam Rau Ntiaj Teb los ntawm Lub Tebchaws (2012)
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Lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov hlaws xa tawm hauv xyoo 2012 ncav cuag US $ 1.47 billion uas yog 6.47% qis dua li cov khoom xa tawm xyoo 2011 ntawm US $ 1.57 billion. Hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 2008-2012, qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev cog lus ntawm 1.72%. Xyoo 2008, lub ntiaj teb xa tawm pearls mus txog US $ 1.75 billion tsuas yog poob rau xyoo tom ntej. Hauv xyoo 2009, kev xa tawm tau raug txo mus rau US $ 1.39 billion ua ntej tuaj tos txog US $ 1.42 billion thiab US $ 157 billion hauv xyoo 2010 thiab 2011 raws li.
Hong Kong yog tus xa khoom zoo tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2012 nrog US $ 408.36 lab rau kev lag luam sib koom ntawm 27.73%. Tuam Tshoj yog thib ob nrog kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 283.97 lab ua 19.28% ntawm kev lag luam sib faib ua raws li Nyiv ntawm US $ 210.50 lab (14.29%), Australia nrog kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 173.54 lab (11.785) thiab Fabkis Polynesia uas xa tawm US $ 76.18 lab ( 5.17%) txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau Top 5.
Hauv txoj haujlwm thib 6 yog Tebchaws Meskas nrog kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 65.60 lab rau kev lag luam sib koom ntawm 4.46% tom qab ntawd Switzerland ntawm US $ 54.78 lab (3.72%) thiab United Kingdom uas xa tawm US $ 33.04 lab (2.24%). Kev xa tawm US $ 29.43 lab tus nqi ntawm pearls, Indonesia nyob rau qib 9 nrog kev lag luam sib koom ntawm 2% thaum Philippines ua tiav 10 daim ntawv teev npe nrog kev xa tawm ntawm US $ 23.46 lab (1.59%) hauv 2012.
Daim duab 5. Qhia thiab Kev Loj Hlob ntawm Ntiaj Teb Export (%)
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Hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 2008-2012, Indonesia muaj kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws ntawm 19.69% tom qab ntawd Philippines ntawm 15.62%. Tuam Tshoj thiab Tebchaws Meskas tsuas yog lwm qhov kev xa tawm uas tau ntsib kev loj hlob zoo ntawm 9% thiab 10.56% raws li ntawm 10 lub tebchaws.
Indonesia, txawm li cas los xij, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm 7.42% kev cog lus ib xyoos ib zaug ntawm xyoo 2011 thiab 2012 nrog Philippines muaj kev loj hlob loj tshaj plaws ntawm 38.90% nrog Australia yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tau cog lus 31.08%.
Lwm yam tshaj li Australia, tib lub teb chaws nyob rau saum 10 exporters uas tau sau txog kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lawv pearl exports
Tebchaws Asmeskas nrog kev loj hlob ntawm 22.09%, Tebchaws Askiv nrog 21.47% thiab Switzerland ntawm 20.86%.
Lub ntiaj teb tau imported US $ 1.33 billion tus nqi ntawm pearls nyob rau hauv 2012, los yog 11.65% qis dua 2011 tus ntshuam daim duab ntawm US $ 1.50 billion. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 2008-2011, ntshuam raug kev txom nyem ib xyoos ib zaug ib tug contraction ntawm 3.5%. Lub ntiaj teb kev ntshuam pearls tau nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2008 nrog US $ 1.71 billion ua ntej poob rau US $ 1.30
Daim duab 6. Ntshuam Pearls, nat lossis cult, thiab lwm yam Los ntawm Ntiaj Teb
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billions nyob rau hauv 2009. Ntshuam qhia ib tug rebound trend nyob rau hauv 2010 thiab 2011 nrog US $ 1.40 billion thiab US $ 1.50 billion raws li ua ntej slumping mus rau US $ 1.33 nyob rau hauv 2012.
Ntawm cov neeg xa khoom, Nyij Pooj tau tshaj tawm cov npe hauv xyoo 2012 los ntawm kev xa tawm US $ 371.06 lab tus nqi ntawm pearls rau kev lag luam feem ntawm 27.86% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov hlaws xa tuaj ntawm US $ 1.33 billion. Hong Kong yog thib ob nrog kev xa khoom ntawm US $ 313.28 lab rau kev lag luam sib koom ntawm 23.52% tom qab ntawd Tebchaws Meskas ntawm US $ 221.21 lab (16.61%), Australia ntawm US $ 114.79 lab (8.62%) thiab Switzerland ntawm qhov chaw nyob deb 5. import ntawm US $ 47.99 (3.60%).
Indonesia tsuas yog US $ 8,000 tus nqi ntawm pearls nyob rau hauv 2012 sawv ntawm 104 txoj hauj lwm.
Tus sau: Hendro Jonathan Sahat
Published by : DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NATIONAL EXPORT DEVELOPMENT. Ministry of Trade koom pheej ntawm Indonesia.
Ditjen PEN/MJL/82/X/2013