ʻInenesia Momi Moana Hema
ʻO Indonesia ka pae moku nui loa o ka honua me nā lawaiʻa waiwai a me nā huahana moana. ʻO kekahi o ia mau huahana ʻo ia ka momi o ke Kai Hema, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano momi maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole wale i hāʻawi ʻia me nā waiwai kūlohelohe waiwai, ʻo Indonesia pū kekahi he nui o nā mea hana me nā mākau hana kiʻekiʻe.
Me kēia ʻatikala, ke lawe mai nei mākou iā ʻoe i kahi huahana Indonesia kūikawā ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka momi South Sea. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina ma ke ala keʻa o nā moana ʻelua a me ʻelua mau ʻāina, hōʻike ka moʻomeheu Indonesia i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka launa lōʻihi ma waena o nā kuʻuna ʻōiwi a me nā mana o nā haole. Hāʻawi ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu waiwai o Indonesia i ka honua i nā ʻano hana momi.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea pāʻani kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, ua hana ʻo Indonesia a lawe aku i nā momi i ka mākeke honua, e like me Australia, Hong Kong, Iapana, South Korea a me Thailand. Wahi a nā helu, ua ulu ka waiwai kūʻai aku o ka momi i ka 19.69% i ka awelika o kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka manawa o 2008-2012. I nā mahina mua ʻelima o 2013, ua hōʻea ka waiwai kūʻai aku i ka US$9.30 miliona.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka momi kiʻekiʻe kekahi o nā mea nani no nā kenekulia he nui, e like me nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano loea, hana ʻia ka momi i loko o kahi molusc ola, i loko o ka ʻiʻo palupalu a i ʻole ka ʻahu.
Hana ʻia ka momi me ka calcium carbonate i loko o ke ʻano crystalline minuke, e like me ka pūpū o kahi mālie, i nā papa concentric. He poepoe a pahee ka momi maikai, aka, he nui na ano o ka pea, i kapaia he momi baroque.
No ka mea, ua hana ʻia nā momi me ka calcium carbonate, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka vīneka. Hiki ke maʻalahi ka calcium carbonate i ka waiʻakika palupalu no ka mea e hana nā kristal o ka calcium carbonate me ka acetic acid i loko o ka vīnega e hana i ka calcium acetate a me ka carbon dioxide.
ʻO nā momi maoli i kū wale ʻia ma ka nahelehele ka mea waiwai loa akā i ka manawa like he kakaikahi loa. ʻO nā momi i loaʻa i kēia manawa ma ka mākeke, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mahiʻai ʻana a i ʻole i mahi ʻia mai nā ʻoʻo momi a me nā ʻū wai hou.
Hoʻopuka nui ʻia nā momi hoʻohālike e like me nā mea kūʻai kūʻai ʻole ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole maikaʻi nā momi artificial a ʻike maʻalahi ʻia mai nā momi kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā momi, nā momi maoli a me nā mea i mahi ʻia, e pili ana i kona ʻano nacreous a iridescent e like me ka loko o ka pūpū e hana ai. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā momi i mahi ʻia a ʻohi ʻia e hana i nā mea nani, ua humuhumu ʻia ma luna o nā lole nani a i ʻoki ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā hui pena.
ʻAno Momi
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā momi i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e pili ana i kona hoʻokumu ʻana: kūlohelohe, moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻohālike. Ma mua o ka pau ʻana o nā momi maoli, ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli i hala aku nei, ʻo nā momi a pau i ʻike ʻia he mau momi maoli.
I kēia mau lā, he kakaikahi loa nā momi maoli, a kūʻai pinepine ʻia ma nā kūʻai kūʻai ma New York, Lādana a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua ma nā kumukūʻai hoʻopukapuka. ʻO nā momi kūlohelohe, ma ka wehewehe ʻana, nā ʻano momi a pau i hana ʻia me ka pōʻino, me ka ʻole o ke kanaka.
ʻO lākou ka hua o ka manawa kūpono, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana he mea hoʻonāukiuki e like me ka palaka ʻū. He ʻuʻuku loa ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia hanana kūlohelohe no ka mea e pili ana i ke komo ʻole ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole i ka ʻoster ke kipaku aku mai kona kino aku.
Hoʻokahi kaʻina hana o kahi momi moʻomeheu. No ka momi maoli, ke hana wale nei ka oyster, a o ka momi mahiai na hua o ke kanaka. No ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻoʻo e hoʻohua mai i ka momi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea ʻenehana i loko o ka ʻō. ʻO ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke kaʻe ʻana he ʻāpana pūpū i kapa ʻia ʻo Mother of Pearl.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ka mea olaola Pelekane ʻo William Saville-Kent ma Australia a lawe ʻia i Iapana e Tokichi Nishikawa a me Tatsuhei Mise. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Nishikawa i ka patent i ka makahiki 1916, a ua mare ʻo ia i ke kaikamahine a Mikimoto Kokichi.
Ua hiki iā Mikimoto ke hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana a Nishikawa. Ma hope o ka hāʻawiʻiaʻana o ka patent i ka makahiki 1916, ua hoʻohana kokeʻia kaʻenehana i nā’ōpena pearl Akoya ma Iapana i ka makahiki 1916. ʻO ke kaikunāne o Mise ka mea mua i hana i kahi huaʻai o nā momi i loko o ka Akoya oyster.
Ua hoʻohana koke ʻo Baron Iwasaki ʻo Mitsubishi i ka ʻenehana i ka South Sea pearl oyster ma 1917 ma Philippines, a ma hope ma Buton, a me Palau. ʻO Mitsubishi ka mea mua i hana i ka momi moʻomeheu o ke Kai Hema – ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hiki i ka makahiki 1928 i hoʻopuka maikaʻi ʻia ai ka momi liʻiliʻi mua o nā momi.
He moʻolelo ʻokoʻa ka momi hoʻohālike. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pahu aniani i loko o kahi hopena i hana ʻia mai nā unahi iʻa. He lahilahi kēia uhi a hiki ke pau. Hiki i kekahi ke haʻi i ka hoʻohālike ma ka nahu ʻana iā ia. Holo nā momi hoʻopunipuni ma luna o kou mau niho, ʻoiai ʻo nā papa o ka nacre ma nā momi maoli. ʻIke ʻia ka Mokupuni o Mallorca ma Sepania no kāna ʻoihana momi hoʻohālike.
ʻEwalu mau ʻano momi: poepoe, semi-pōʻai, pihi, hāʻule, pea, oval, baroque, a me ka pōʻai.
ʻO nā momi poepoe hemolele ke ʻano kakaʻikahi a waiwai loa.
- Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā semi-pōʻai i nā lei a i ʻole nā ʻāpana kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka momi e like me ka momi poepoe loa.
- Ua like ka momi pihi me ka momi poepoe i palahalaha iki a hiki ke hana i ka lei, aka, ua hoohana pinepine ia i ka momi hookahi a me na apo pepeiao i uhiia ka hapa hope o ka momi, e like me ka momi nui a poepoe.
- Ua kapa ʻia nā momi kulu a me ke ʻano pea he momi waimaka a ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o nā apo pepeiao, pendants, a i ʻole he momi waena ma ka lei.
- He ʻokoʻa ko nā momi Baroque; ʻaʻole maʻamau lākou me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa a hoihoi. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā lei.
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā momi pōʻai e nā kualono concentric, a i ʻole nā apo, a puni ke kino o ka momi.
Ma lalo o ka Harmonized System (HS), ua māhele ʻia nā momi i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: 7101100000 no nā momi kūlohelohe, 7101210000 no nā momi moʻomeheu, hana ʻole a me 7101220000 no nā momi moʻomeheu, hana.
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Ka Olinolino o ka Momi o INDONESIA
No nā kenekulia, ua manaʻo ʻia ka momi maoli o ke Kai Hema ma ke ʻano he makana o nā momi āpau. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā momi momi o ke Kai Hema nui loa ma Indonesia a me nā wahi e pili ana, e like me, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 1800 i hoʻopau ʻia i ka wā ʻoi loa o nā momi ma ʻEulopa i ka wā Victorian.
He ʻokoʻa kēia ʻano momi mai nā momi ʻē aʻe a pau ma muli o kona ʻano momi mānoanoa nani. Hāʻawi kēia nacre maoli i ka luster like ʻole, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi wale i ka “‘ālohilohi” e like me nā momi ʻē aʻe, akā he hiʻohiʻona palupalu paʻakikī a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano ma lalo o nā ʻano māmā like ʻole. ʻO ka nani o kēia nacre i makemake nui i ka momi o ke Kai Hema i nā mea hoʻonaninani akamai me ka ʻono hoʻokae i nā kenekulia.
Hana maoli ʻia e kekahi o nā ʻoʻo momi nui loa, ʻo ka Pinctada maxima, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Silver-Lipped a i ʻole Gold-Lipped oyster. Hiki ke ulu kēia mollusc kala a i ʻole ka lehelehe gula e like me ka nui o ka pā ʻaina akā pili loa i nā kūlana kaiapuni.
Hoʻohui kēia ʻano naʻau i ke kumukūʻai a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā momi o ke Kai Hema. No laila, hoʻopuka ʻo Pinctada maxima i nā momi ʻoi aku ka nui mai ka 9 millimeters a hiki i ka 20 millimeters me ka awelika nui ma kahi o 12 millimeters. Ma muli o ka mānoanoa nacre, kaulana nō hoʻi ka momi o ke Kai Hema no nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a makemake ʻia.
Ma luna aʻe o kēlā mau ʻano maikaʻi, loaʻa i ka momi o ke Kai Hema nā waihoʻoluʻu mai ka ʻaila a i ka melemele a i ke gula hohonu a mai ke keʻokeʻo a hiki i ke kālā. Hiki i nā momi ke hōʻike i kahi “overtone” nani o kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻē aʻe e like me ka poni, uliuli a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha.
I kēia mau lā, e like me nā momi kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe, ua aneane nalowale ka momi maoli o South Sea mai nā mākeke momi honua. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā momi o ke Kai Hema i loaʻa i kēia mau lā, ua mahi ʻia ma nā māla momi ma ke Kai Hema.
Nā Momi o ke Kai Hema o Indonesia
Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi alakaʻi, Indonesia, hiki i kekahi ke loiloi i ko lākou nani ma ke ʻano o ka luster, kala, ka nui, ke ʻano a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili. ʻO nā momi me ke kala nani o Imperial Gold ke hana ʻia e nā ʻoyster i mahi ʻia ma nā wai Indonesia. Ma ke ʻano o ka luster, ʻokoʻa loa nā hiʻohiʻona o nā momi o ke Kai Hema, ma ke ʻano maoli a me ka moʻomeheu.
Ma muli o ko lākou ʻālohilohi kūʻokoʻa, hōʻike lākou i ka ʻālohilohi o loko i ʻike ʻole ʻia mai ka ʻālohilohi o nā momi ʻē aʻe. Ua wehewehe ʻia i kekahi manawa e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻālohilohi o ke kukui-kukui me ke kukui ʻulaʻula.
I kekahi manawa, e hōʻike ana nā momi maikaʻi loa i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo orient. ʻO kēia ka hui pū ʻana o kahi luster translucent me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi o ke kala. ʻO nā kala ʻālohilohi loa o nā momi o ke Kai Hema he keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha me nā kala like ʻole.
Hiki ke ʻano like ʻole o nā kala o ke ānuenue, a loaʻa mai nā kala maoli o ka nacre o ka ʻoyster momi o ke Kai Hema. Ke hui pū ʻia me kahi luster ikaika translucent, hana lākou i ka hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo “orient”. ʻO nā waihoʻoluʻu i ʻike nui ʻia, ʻo ia ke kala, ʻulaʻula keʻokeʻo, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ke keʻokeʻo gula, ke kala gula, ka champagne a me ke gula Imperial.
ʻO ke kala gula Imperial ka mea kakaʻikahi o nā mea a pau. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kala nani e nā ʻoysters i mahi ʻia ma nā wai Indonesia. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā momi moʻomeheu o ke Kai Hema, a ma waena o 10mm a me 15 millimeters.
Ke ʻike ʻia ka nui nui, mahalo nui ʻia nā momi liʻiliʻi ma luna o 16 millimeters a i kekahi manawa ma mua o 20 millimeters. Inā aia ka nani i ka maka o ka mea nānā, a laila hāʻawi ʻo South Sea momi i nā manawa he nui o ka nani e ʻike ai, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻelua mau momi i like loa. Ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ko lākou nacre, ʻike ʻia nā momi moʻomeheu o ke Kai Hema ma nā ʻano ʻano hoihoi.
ʻO ka momi nacre kahi matrix nani o nā kristal calcium carbonate a me nā mea kūikawā i hana ʻia e ka oyster. Hoʻomoe ʻia kēia matrix i loko o nā tile microscopic i hana maikaʻi ʻia, papa ma luna o ka papa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka momi e ka helu o nā papa, a me ka mānoanoa o kēlā me kēia papa.
E hoʻoholo ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona o ka nacre inā he “flat” a i ʻole “prismatic” nā kristal calcium, e ka maikaʻi o ka waiho ʻana o nā tile, a me ka maikaʻi a me ka helu o nā papa tile. ʻO ka hopena
ʻO ka nani o ka momi e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike ʻana o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ʻili o ka momi e like me ka ʻili o ka momi.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili ke ʻano i ka maikaʻi o kahi momi, pili ke koi no nā ʻano kikoʻī i ka waiwai. No ka maʻalahi, helu ʻia nā momi moʻomeheu o ke Kai Hema i kēia mau ʻano ʻano ʻehiku. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana i nā ʻāpana he nui:
1) Poe;
2) SemiRound;
3) Baroque;
4) Semi-Baroque;
5) Hāʻule;
6) Poʻai;
7) Pihi.
Ka Moiwahine Nani o ke Kai Hema
Hoʻopuka ʻo Indonesia i nā momi moana Hema i mahi ʻia mai Pinctada maxima, ka ʻano nui o ka ʻoyster. Ma ke ʻano he pae ʻāina me kahi kaiapuni maʻemaʻe, hāʻawi ʻo Indonesia i ka wahi kūpono loa no Pinctada maxima e hana ai i nā momi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka Pinctada maxima o Indonesia e hoʻopuka i nā momi me ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻumi o nā kala kala.
ʻO nā momi kakaʻikahi a waiwai loa i hana ʻia ʻo ia nā momi gula a me nā kala kala. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā aka palupalu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke kālā, ka champagne, ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ka ʻulaʻula a me ke gula, me ka Imperial Gold Pearl ka mea nani loa o nā momi āpau.
ʻO ka Imperial Gold Color Pearl i hana ʻia e nā ʻoʻo i mahi ʻia i loko o nā wai maʻemaʻe o Indonesia, ʻo ia ka Queen of South Sea Pearl. ʻOiai ʻo ka wai ʻo Indonesia ka home no ka momi o ke Kai Hema, pono e hoʻoponopono i ke kālepa kūloko a me ka lawe ʻana aku i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka maikaʻi a me ke kumukūʻai o ka momi. Ua loaʻa i ke aupuni a me nā ʻaoʻao pili
kūkulu i ka pilina ikaika e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.
Ma ka hihia o nā momi Pākē, i hoʻoulu ʻia mai nā ʻiʻo wai maʻemaʻe a i manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua mālama ke aupuni i kekahi mau mea e mālama ai e like me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā Regulations Ministerial Affairs No. 8/2003 no Pearl Quality Control. Pono ke ana e like me nā momi Kina me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa akā ke ʻano like me nā momi Indonesia. hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli i nā kikowaena hana momi Indonesia ma Bali a me Lombok.
ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā momi Indonesia ua hōʻike i ka piʻi nui ʻana i ka manawa o 2008-2012 me ka awelika o ka ulu makahiki o 19.69%. I ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā momi maoli ma 51%.22. ʻO nā momi moʻomeheu, hana ʻole ʻia, hahai ʻia ma kahi mamao loa me 31.82% a me nā momi moʻomeheu, hana, ma 16.97%.
ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā momi ma Indonesia i ka makahiki 2008 he $14.29 miliona wale nō ka waiwai ma mua o ka piʻi nui ʻana i ka US $22.33 miliona i ka makahiki 2009.
Kiʻi 1. Hoʻopuka ʻia nā Momi ʻInidonesia (2008-2012)
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ua hoʻonui i ka US $31.43 miliona a me US $31.79 miliona ma 2010 a me 2011. Ua hōʻemi ʻia ka lawe ʻana aku i waho i ka US $29.43 miliona i ka makahiki 2012.
Ua hoʻomau ʻia ke ʻano hoʻemi holoʻokoʻa i nā mahina ʻelima mua o 2013 me ka US $ 9.30 miliona, kahi ʻoki o 24.10% ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me US $ 12.34 miliona i ka manawa like i ka makahiki 2012.
Kiʻi 2. ʻĀpana hoʻokuʻu aku ma Indonesia (2008-2012)
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I ka makahiki 2012, ʻo Hong Kong, Australia a me Iapana nā wahi hoʻokuʻu nui loa no nā momi Indonesia. ʻO ka lawe ʻia aku i Hong Kong he US $13.90 miliona a i ʻole 47.24% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku i nā momi Indonesia. ʻO Iapana ka lua o ka huakaʻi kūʻai nui loa me US $ 9.30 miliona (31.60%) a ukali ʻia e Australia me US $ 5.99 miliona (20.36%) a me South Korea me US $ 105,000 (0.36%) a me Thailand me US $ 36,000 (0.12%).
I nā mahina ʻelima mua o 2013, ʻo Hong Kong ka huakaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa me ka US $ 4.11 miliona ka waiwai o ka momi i waho aku, a i ʻole 44.27%. Ua pani ʻo Australia iā Iapana ma ka lua me US $2.51 miliona (27.04%) a ʻo Iapana ke kolu me US $2.36 miliona (25.47%) a ukali ʻia e Thailand me US $ 274,000 (2.94%) a me South Korea me US $ 25,000 (0.27%).
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo Hong Kong i ka ulu nui o ka makahiki he 124.33% i ka wā 2008-2012, ua ʻoki ʻia ka ulu ʻana e 39.59% i nā mahina ʻelima mua o 2013 ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka manawa like ma 2012. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku i Iapana i 35,69 like. %
Kiʻi 3. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Indonesia ma ka ʻāina (2008-2012)
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ʻO ka hapa nui o nā momi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai Bali, Jakarta, South Sulawesi, a me West Nusa Tenggara me nā waiwai mai US $1,000 a i US $22 miliona.
Kiʻi 4. Ka lawe ʻana aku i nā momi, nat or cult, etc. To World by Country (2012)
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ʻO ka nui o ka momi i hoʻokuʻu aku i ka honua i ka makahiki 2012 a hiki i ka US $ 1.47 biliona, ʻo ia ka 6.47% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka helu hoʻoiho ma 2011 o US $ 1.57 biliona. I ka manawa o 2008-2012, ua loaʻa ka awelika makahiki mai ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o 1.72%. I ka makahiki 2008, ua hiki i ka US $1.75 biliona ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā momi i nā makahiki i hala. I ka makahiki 2009, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka lawe ʻana aku i ka US $1.39 biliona ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka US $1.42 biliona a me US $157 biliona ma 2010 a me 2011.
ʻO Hong Kong ka mea kūʻai nui loa ma 2012 me US $ 408.36 miliona no ka māhele mākeke o 27.73%. ʻO Kina ka lua me ka US $283.97 miliona e hoʻokuʻu aku ai i 19.28% o ka māhele mākeke a ukali ʻia e Iapana ma US $ 210.50 miliona (14.29%), Australia me ka US $173.54 miliona (11.785) a me French Polynesia nāna i lawe aku i ka US $ 76.18 miliona ( 5.17%) e hoʻopau i ka Top 5.
Ma ka 6th kūlana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka US $ 65.60 miliona no ka māhele mākeke o 4.46% a ukali ʻia e Switzerland ma US $ 54.78 miliona (3.72%) a me ka United Kingdom nāna i lawe aku i ka US $ 33.04 miliona (2.24%). Ma ka lawe ʻana aku i ka US $29.43 miliona waiwai o nā momi, ua helu ʻo Indonesia i ka 9th me ka māhele mākeke o 2% aʻo ka Philippines i hoʻopau i ka papa inoa Top 10 me kahi hoʻokuʻu ʻana o US $23.46 miliona (1.59%) i 2012.
Kiʻi 5. Kaʻana like a me ka ulu ʻana o ka World Export (%)
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I ka manawa o 2008-2012, ʻo Indonesia ka ulu kiʻekiʻe loa o 19.69% a ukali ʻia e ka Philippines ma 15.62%. ʻO Kina a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō nā mea hoʻoili ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i nā ʻano ulu maikaʻi ma 9% a me 10.56% i waena o nā ʻāina Top 10.
Ua pilikia ʻo Indonesia i ka 7.42% o ka makahiki ma ka makahiki ma waena o 2011 a me 2012 me ka Philippines me ka ulu nui loa o ka makahiki ma ka makahiki he 38.90% me Australia ka mea hoʻokani maikaʻi loa i loaʻa iā 31.08%.
Ma waho aʻe o Australia, ʻo nā ʻāina wale nō i ka Top 10 exporters i hoʻopaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o kā lākou mau momi i hoʻoili ʻia.
ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka ulu ʻana o 22,09%, ʻo United Kingdom me 21,47% a me Switzerland ma 20,86%.
Ua lawe mai ka honua i ka US $1.33 biliona waiwai o nā momi i ka makahiki 2012, a i ʻole 11.65% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka helu hoʻokomo ʻana o 2011 he $1.50 biliona. I ka manawa o 2008-2011, ua loaʻa i ka lawe ʻana mai i ka awelika o ka makahiki he 3.5%. Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka lawe ʻana mai o nā momi i ka makahiki 2008 me US $1.71 biliona ma mua o ka emi ʻana i ka US $1.30.
Kiʻi 6. Lawe ʻia mai nā momi, nat a i ʻole cult, etc
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biliona i ka makahiki 2009. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o nā mea lawe mai i ka makahiki 2010 a me 2011 me US$1.40 biliona a me US$1.50 biliona ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana i lalo i ka US$1.33 i ka makahiki 2012.
Ma waena o nā mea lawe mai, ua lanakila ʻo Iapana i ka papa inoa ma 2012 ma o ka lawe ʻana mai i ka US $371.06 miliona waiwai o nā momi no ka māhele mākeke o 27.86% o ka nui o nā momi i lawe ʻia mai ka honua he $1.33 biliona. ʻO Hong Kong ka lua me ka lawe ʻia mai o US $313.28 miliona no ka māhele mākeke o 23.52% a ukali ʻia e ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma US $ 221.21 miliona (16.61%), Australia ma US $ 114.79 miliona (8.62%) a me Switzerland ma kahi mamao 5th me kahi. lawe mai he $47.99 (3.60%).
Ua lawe mai ʻo Indonesia i nā momi he $8,000 wale nō i ka makahiki 2012 e kū ana ma ke kūlana 104th.
Mea kākau : Hendro Jonathan Sahat
Hoʻopuka ʻia e: LĀKAI KĀNĀWAI O KA HOʻOKE ANA I KA NATIONAL EXPORT DEVELOPMENT. Kuhina Kalepa Lepupalika o Indonesia.
Kuhi ʻia ka PEN/MJL/82/X/2013