Indoneziya Isaro y’Amajyepfo
Indoneziya ni ikirwa kinini ku isi gifite uburobyi bukungahaye n’ibicuruzwa byo mu nyanja. Kimwe muri ibyo bicuruzwa ni isaro yo mu nyanja yepfo, twavuga ko ari bumwe mu bwoko bwiza bw’isaro. Ntabwo ihabwa gusa umutungo kamere, Indoneziya ifite kandi abanyabukorikori benshi bafite ubuhanga buhanitse.
Hamwe niyi ngingo, turabagezaho ikindi gicuruzwa kidasanzwe cya Indoneziya, isaro ryinyanja yepfo. Nkigihugu giherereye mumihanda yinyanja ebyiri nu mugabane wa kabiri, umuco wa Indoneziya ugaragaza imvange idasanzwe yashizweho n’imikoranire miremire hagati yimigenzo kavukire hamwe n’amahanga menshi. Umurage ndangamuco ukungahaye muri Indoneziya utanga isi ubukorikori butandukanye bwa maragarita.
Umwe mu bakinnyi bakomeye ku isi, Indoneziya yagiye ikora no kohereza amasaro ku isoko mpuzamahanga, nka Ositaraliya, Hong Kong, Ubuyapani, Koreya y’Epfo na Tayilande. Dukurikije imibare, agaciro koherezwa mu mahanga kwa maragarita kiyongereyeho 19,69% ugereranije buri mwaka mugihe cya 2008-2012. Mu mezi atanu ya mbere ya 2013, agaciro ko kohereza mu mahanga kageze kuri $ 9.30 miliyoni.
Isaro ryiza cyane ryafashwe nkimwe mubintu byiza byubwiza mu binyejana byinshi, ugereranije nandi mabuye y’agaciro. Muburyo bwa tekiniki, isaro ikorerwa imbere molusc nzima, mubice byoroshye cyangwa mantant.
Isaro ikozwe muri calcium ya karubone muminota ya kristaline, nkigikonoshwa cyumutuzo, mubice byibanze. Isaro nziza yaba izengurutse neza kandi yoroshye ariko hariho ubundi buryo bwinshi bwamapera, bita amasaro ya baroque.
Kuberako imaragarita ikozwe cyane cyane muri karubone ya calcium, irashobora gushonga muri vinegere. Kalisiyumu ya karubone irashobora no gukemurwa na acide nkeya kubera ko kristal ya karubone ya calcium ikora hamwe na acide acike muri vinegere kugirango ikore calcium acetate na dioxyde de carbone.
Imaragarita karemano ibaho ubwayo mwishyamba nigiciro cyinshi ariko icyarimwe ni gake cyane. Imaragarita iboneka kumasoko ahanini ifite umuco cyangwa guhingwa biva mumasaro ya pearl na mussel wamazi meza.
Imaragarita yigana nayo ikorwa cyane nkimitako ihendutse nubwo ubuziranenge buri hasi cyane kurenza ibisanzwe. Imaragarita yubukorikori ifite iridescence mbi kandi itandukanijwe byoroshye nibisanzwe.
Ubwiza bwamasaro, yaba karemano nubuhinzi, biterwa no kuba nacreous na iridescent nkuko imbere yikibabi kibibyaza umusaruro. Mugihe amasaro ahingwa cyane kandi agasarurwa kugirango akore imitako, yanashizwe kumyenda ihebuje kimwe no kumenagura no gukoreshwa mumavuta yo kwisiga, imiti no kuvanga amarangi.
Ubwoko bw’isaro
Isaro irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu ukurikije imiterere yabyo: karemano, umuco no kwigana. Mbere yo kugabanuka kw’isaro karemano, hashize nk’ikinyejana gishize, amasaro yose yavumbuwe yari amasaro karemano.
Muri iki gihe, imaragarita karemano ni gake cyane, kandi akenshi igurishwa muri cyamunara i New York, London ndetse n’ahandi hantu mpuzamahanga ku giciro cy’ishoramari. Isaro karemano, mubisobanuro, ubwoko bwose bwamasaro yakozwe nimpanuka, abantu batabigizemo uruhare.
Nibicuruzwa byamahirwe, hamwe nintangiriro irakaze nka parasite yaka. Amahirwe yibi bintu bisanzwe ni mato cyane kuko biterwa no kwakirwa kw’ibikoresho byo mu mahanga oster idashobora kwirukana umubiri.
Isaro yumuco ihura inzira imwe. Mugihe c’isaro karemano, oster ikora wenyine, mugihe imaragarita yumuco aribintu bivamo abantu. Kugirango ushishikarize isaro kubyara isaro, umutekinisiye ashyiraho nkana imishwarara imbere. Ibikoresho byatewe kubagwa ni agace k’igikonoshwa cyitwa Nyina w’isaro.
Ubu buhanga bwakozwe n’umwongereza w’ibinyabuzima witwa William Saville-Kent muri Ositaraliya buzanwa mu Buyapani na Tokichi Nishikawa na Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa yahawe ipatanti mu 1916, arongora umukobwa wa Mikimoto Kokichi.
Mikimoto yashoboye gukoresha tekinoroji ya Nishikawa. Nyuma yuko ipatanti itanzwe mu 1916, iryo koranabuhanga ryahise rikoreshwa mubucuruzi kuri Akoya isaro ya pearl mu Buyapani mu 1916. Murumuna wa Mise niwe wambere watanze umusaruro wubucuruzi bwamasaro mumashu ya Akoya.
Baron Iwasaki wa Mitsubishi yahise akoresha ikoranabuhanga kuri pearl oyster yo mu nyanja yepfo mu 1917 muri Philippines, nyuma i Buton, na Palau. Mitsubishi niwe wambere watanze imaragarita yumuco winyanja yepfo – nubwo kugeza 1928 aribwo umusaruro wambere wubucuruzi bwamasaro watangijwe neza.
Kwigana imaragarita ninkuru itandukanye rwose. Kenshi na kenshi, isaro yikirahure yinjizwa mumuti ikozwe mumunzani. Iyi myenda iroroshye kandi irashobora gushira. Umuntu arashobora kuvuga kwigana kuruma. Imaragarita mpimbano iranyerera kumenyo yawe, mugihe ibice bya nacre kumasaro nyayo byunvikana. Ikirwa cya Mallorca muri Espagne kizwiho kwigana amasaro.
Hariho uburyo umunani bwibanze bwamasaro: kuzenguruka, kuzenguruka, buto, igitonyanga, amapera, oval, baroque, no kuzenguruka.
Amasaro azengurutse neza ni gake cyane kandi afite agaciro.
- Semi-round nayo ikoreshwa mumikufi cyangwa mubice aho imiterere yisaro ishobora kwiyoberanya kugirango isa nkaho ari isaro ryuzuye.
- Imaragarita ya buto isa nisaro yoroheje iringaniye kandi irashobora no gukora urunigi, ariko ikoreshwa cyane mumasaro imwe cyangwa amaherena aho igice cyinyuma cyisaro gitwikiriye, bigatuma gisa nkisaro rinini, rizunguruka.
- Amasaro yatonyanga na puwaro ameze nk’isaro rimwe na rimwe yiswe amarira ya marira kandi bikunze kugaragara mumatwi, impeta, cyangwa nk’isaro rwagati mu ijosi.
- Imaragarita ya Baroque ifite ubujurire butandukanye; akenshi usanga bidasanzwe cyane hamwe nimiterere yihariye kandi ishimishije. Ziboneka kandi murunigi.
- Imaragarita izengurutswe irangwa n’imirongo ihanamye, cyangwa impeta, ikikije umubiri w’isaro.
Muri sisitemu ya Harmonised (HS), imaragarita igabanijwemo ibyiciro bitatu: 7101100000 kumasaro karemano, 7101210000 kumasaro yumuco, udakora na 7101220000 kumasaro yumuco, wakoze.
=== T1 ===
Glimmer Ya Pearl ya INDONESIA
Mu binyejana byashize, isaro risanzwe ryinyanja yepfo rifatwa nkigihembo cyamasaro yose. Ivumburwa ryibitanda byamasaro byinyanja yepfo cyane cyane muri Indoneziya no mukarere kegereye, nka, Australiya ya ruguru mu ntangiriro ya 1800 byaje kurangira mugihe cyamasaro cyane muburayi mugihe cya Victorian.
Ubu bwoko bw’isaro butandukanijwe n’andi masaro yose hamwe na nacre yayo nziza cyane. Iyi nacre karemano itanga urumuri rutagereranywa, imwe idatanga gusa “kumurika” kimwe nandi masaro, ahubwo igaragara yoroheje, idafatika ihindura imyumvire mubihe bitandukanye byumucyo. Ubwiza bwiyi nacre bwashimishije isaro ryinyanja yepfo kubutunzi bwabahanga bafite uburyohe butandukanya ibinyejana byinshi.
Mubisanzwe byakozwe na kimwe mu binini binini byitwa pearl, Pinctada maxima, bizwi kandi nka silver-Lip cyangwa Zahabu-Iminwa. Iyi mollusc ya feza cyangwa zahabu irashobora gukura kugeza ku isahani yo kurya ariko ikumva neza ibidukikije.
Iyi sensitivite yiyongera kubiciro no kuba gake ya maragarita yinyanja yepfo. Nkibyo, Pinctada maxima itanga amasaro manini manini kuva kuri milimetero 9 kugeza kuri milimetero 20 hamwe nimpuzandengo ya milimetero 12. Bifitemo ubunini bwa nacre, imaragarita yinyanja yepfo nayo irazwi muburyo butandukanye kandi bwifuzwa buboneka.
Hejuru y’izo ngeso nziza, isaro yo mu nyanja yepfo nayo ifite amabara menshi kuva cream kugeza kumuhondo kugeza zahabu yimbitse no kuva cyera ukoresheje ifeza. Imaragarita irashobora kandi kwerekana “overtone” nziza yamabara atandukanye nka pink, ubururu cyangwa icyatsi.
Muri iki gihe, kimwe no ku yandi masaro asanzwe, imaragarita isanzwe yo mu nyanja y’Amajyepfo yazimye hafi y’amasoko y’isi. Umubare munini w’amasaro yo mu nyanja y’epfo aboneka muri iki gihe ahingwa mu mirima y’amasaro mu nyanja y’Amajyepfo.
Isaro ryo mu majyepfo ya Indoneziya
Nkumuproducer wambere, Indoneziya, umuntu arashobora gusuzuma ubwiza bwabo ukurikije ubwiza, ibara, ubunini, imiterere nubuziranenge bwubuso. Imaragarita ifite ibara ryiza rya Zahabu Imperial ikorwa gusa na osters ihingwa mumazi ya Indoneziya. Kubijyanye no kurabagirana, amasaro yo mu nyanja yepfo, yaba karemano n’umuco, afite isura itandukanye cyane.
Bitewe nubwiza bwihariye budasanzwe, bagaragaza urumuri rwimbere rwimbere rutandukanye cyane nubuso bwurumuri rwandi masaro. Rimwe na rimwe bisobanurwa nko kugereranya urumuri rwa buji-rumuri n’urumuri rwa fluorescent.
Rimwe na rimwe, amasaro meza cyane azerekana ibintu bizwi nkicyerekezo. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo guhuza urumuri rworoshye hamwe no kwerekana amabara. Amabara meza cyane ya maragarita yinyanja yepfo ni umweru cyangwa umweru ufite amabara atandukanye.
Kurenza urugero birashobora kuba ibara ryumukororombya, kandi bikomoka kumabara asanzwe ya nacre ya pearl oyster. Iyo uhujwe nuburyo bworoshye cyane, birema ingaruka zizwi nka “icyerekezo”. Amabara aboneka cyane harimo, Ifeza, Umutuku Wera, Roza Yera, Zahabu Yera, Cream Zahabu, Champagne na Zahabu Imperial.
Ibara rya zahabu Imperial ni gake muri bose. Iri bara ryiza cyane rikorwa gusa na osters zihingwa mumazi ya Indoneziya. Imaragarita yumuco wo mu nyanja yepfo irarenze mubunini, kandi muri rusange iri hagati ya 10mm na milimetero 15.
Iyo habonetse ubunini bunini, imaragarita idakabije iri hejuru ya milimetero 16 kandi rimwe na rimwe irenga milimetero 20 zihesha agaciro cyane. Niba ubwiza buri mumaso yabireba, noneho Pearls yo mu nyanja yepfo itanga amahirwe menshi yubwiza bwo kubona, kuko ntamasaro abiri amwe. Bitewe n’ubunini bwa nacre zabo, imaragarita yumuco winyanja yepfo iboneka muburyo butandukanye bushimishije.
Pearl nacre ni matrike nziza ya calcium ya karubone ya kristal hamwe nibintu bidasanzwe byakozwe na oyster. Iyi matrisa yashyizwe mumashusho ya microscopique yakozwe neza, igorofa. Ubunini bwa pearl bugenwa numubare wabyo, nubunini bwa buri cyiciro.
Imigaragarire ya nacre izagenwa no kumenya niba kristu ya calcium “iringaniye” cyangwa “prismatic”, hamwe no gutondekanya amabati, hamwe nubwiza n’umubare w’ibyiciro. Ingaruka
ku bwiza bwa isaro biterwa nurwego rwo kugaragara rwibi bitunganye. Ubu buso bwiza bwisaro busobanurwa nkisaro.
Nubwo imiterere idahindura ubwiza bwisaro, ibisabwa kumiterere yihariye bifite aho bihuriye nagaciro. Kugirango byorohereze, imaragarita yumuco winyanja yepfo yashyizwe mubyiciro birindwi. Ibyiciro byinshi byongeye kugabanywamo ibyiciro byinshi:
1) Uruziga;
2) SemiRound;
3) Baroque;
4) Semi-Baroque;
5) Kureka;
6) Uruziga;
7) Buto.
Umwamikazi Ubwiza bw’Isaro ryo mu majyepfo
Indoneziya ikora amasaro yo mu nyanja y’amajyepfo ahingwa kuva Pinctada maxima, ubwoko bunini bwa oyster. Nka archipelago ifite ibidukikije byiza, Indoneziya itanga ibidukikije byiza kuri Pinctada maxima kugirango itange amasaro meza. Pinctada maxima yo muri Indoneziya itanga amasaro afite ibara rirenga icumi.
Imaragarita idakunze kandi ifite agaciro gakomeye niyo ifite amabara ya zahabu na feza. Ibicucu bitandukanye byigicucu cyiza, mubindi, ifeza, champagne, umweru mwiza, umutuku na zahabu, hamwe na Imperial Gold Pearl nkibintu byiza cyane mumasaro yose.
Isaro rya Imperial Gold Color Pearl yakozwe na osters ihingwa mumazi meza ya Indoneziya mubyukuri ni Umwamikazi wamajyepfo ya Pearl. Nubwo amazi yo muri Indoneziya ari yo masaro y’inyanja yepfo, hakenewe amabwiriza yo kugenzura ubucuruzi bwimbere mu gihugu no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugirango harebwe ubwiza nigiciro cyamasaro. Guverinoma n’amashyaka bifitanye isano bafite
yubatse umubano ukomeye kugirango ukemure ikibazo.
Ku bijyanye n’amasaro y’Abashinwa, aturuka mu mitsi y’amazi meza kandi akekwaho kuba afite urwego rwo hasi, guverinoma yafashe ingamba zimwe na zimwe nko gutanga amabwiriza ya minisiteri y’uburobyi n’amazi No 8/2003 yerekeye kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa Pearl. Igipimo kirakenewe nkamasaro yubushinwa afite ubuziranenge ariko asa cyane nisaro rya Indoneziya. irashobora kubangamira ibigo bitanga amasaro ya Indoneziya muri Bali na Lombok.
Kohereza ibicuruzwa byo muri Indoneziya byagaragaye ko byiyongereye cyane mu gihe cya 2008-2012 hamwe n’ikigereranyo cya buri mwaka cya 19.69%. Muri 2012, ibyinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga byiganjemo amasaro karemano kuri 51% .22. Imaragarita ihingwa, idakozwe, ikurikirwa nisegonda ya kure hamwe na 31.82% hamwe nisaro yumuco, yarakoze, kuri 16.97%.
Indoneziya yohereje amasaro muri 2008 yari ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 14.29 US $ mbere yuko yiyongera cyane igera kuri miliyoni 22.33 US $ muri 2009. Agaciro keza
Igicapo 1. Kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Indoneziya (2008-2012)
====== F1 =======
yiyongereye agera kuri miliyoni 31.43 US $ na miliyoni 31.79 US $ muri 2010 na 2011. Ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ariko byagabanutse kugera kuri miliyoni 29.43 US $ muri 2012.
Muri rusange icyerekezo cyo kugabanuka cyakomeje mu mezi atanu ya mbere ya 2013 cyoherezwa mu mahanga miliyoni 9.30 z’amadolari y’Amerika, igabanuka rya 24,10% ugereranije na miliyoni 12.34 US $ mu gihe kimwe cya 2012.
Igicapo 2. Aho Indoneziya yohereza hanze (2008-2012)
====== F2 ========
Mu mwaka wa 2012, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu masaro ya Indoneziya ni Hong Kong, Ositaraliya, n’Ubuyapani. Ibyoherezwa muri Hong Kong byari miliyoni 13.90 z’amadolari ya Amerika cyangwa 47.24% by’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Indoneziya. Ubuyapani nabwo bwa kabiri mu bihugu byoherezwa mu mahanga hamwe na miliyoni 9.30 z’amadolari ya Amerika (31.60%) hanyuma bukurikirwa na Ositaraliya hamwe na miliyoni 5.99 US $ (20.36%) na Koreya y’Epfo hamwe na $ 105,000 (0.36%) na Tayilande hamwe na $ 36,000 (0.12%).
Mu mezi atanu ya mbere ya 2013, Hong Kong yongeye kuza ku isonga hamwe na miliyoni 4.11 z’amadolari y’Amerika yoherezwa mu mahanga, cyangwa 44.27%. Australiya yasimbuye Ubuyapani ku mwanya wa kabiri na miliyoni 2.51 US $ (27.04%) naho Ubuyapani buza ku mwanya wa gatatu na miliyoni 2.36 US $ (25.47%) bukurikirwa na Tayilande hamwe n’amadolari 274.000 (2.94%) na Koreya yepfo n’amadolari 25.000 (0.27%).
Nubwo Hong Kong yerekanye ubwiyongere budasanzwe buri mwaka bwa 124.33% mugihe cya 2008-2012, ubwiyongere bwagabanutseho 39.59% mumezi atanu yambere ya 2013 ugereranije nigihe kimwe cya 2012. Ibyoherezwa mubuyapani nabyo byagaragaje ko byagabanutseho 35.69. %
Igicapo 3. Kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Indoneziya n’Intara (2008-2012)
====== F3 ========
Ibyinshi mu byoherezwa mu masaro ya Indoneziya bikomoka mu ntara za Bali, Jakarta, Sulawesi y’Amajyepfo, na West Nusa Tenggara bifite agaciro kuva ku madorari 1.000 kugeza kuri miliyoni 22.
Igicapo 4. Kwohereza hanze amasaro, nat cyangwa umuco, nibindi Ku Isi ukurikije Igihugu (2012)
===== F4 =====
Isoko ryoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi mu mwaka wa 2012 rigera kuri miliyari 1.47 z’amadolari y’Amerika ryari munsi ya 6.47% ugereranije n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri 2011 bya miliyari 1.57. Mu gihe cya 2008-2012, impuzandengo yumwaka yagabanutseho 1,72%. Muri 2008, isi yohereje amasaro yageze kuri miliyari 1.75 US $ gusa kugabanuka mumyaka yakurikiyeho. Muri 2009, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byagabanutse kugera kuri miliyari 1.39 z’amadolari mbere yo gutoragura miliyari 1.42 na miliyari 157 USD muri 2010 na 2011.
Hong Kong niyo yohereje mu mahanga mu mwaka wa 2012 wih miliyoni 408.36 US $ ku isoko rya 27.73%. Ubushinwa bwabaye ubwa kabiri mu kohereza miliyoni 283.97 z’amadolari y’Amerika bingana na 19.28% by’umugabane w’isoko bukurikirwa n’Ubuyapani kuri miliyoni 210.50 US $ (14.29%), Ositaraliya yohereza miliyoni 173.54 US $ (11.785) na Polynesia y’Abafaransa yohereje miliyoni 76.18 US $ ( 5.17%) kuzinga Top 5.
Ku mwanya wa 6 ni Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zohereje miliyoni 65.60 z’amadolari ya Amerika ku isoko rya 4.46% zikurikirwa n’Ubusuwisi kuri miliyoni 54.78 USD (3.72%) n’Ubwongereza bwohereje miliyoni 33.04 US $ (2.24%). Kohereza mu mahanga miliyoni 29.43 z’amadolari ya Amerika, Indoneziya yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 9 n’umugabane ku isoko wa 2% mu gihe Filipine yarangije urutonde rwa Top 10 hamwe na miliyoni 23.46 z’amadolari y’Amerika (1.59%) muri 2012.
Igicapo 5. Kugabana no Kwiyongera kw’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga (%)
====== F5 =====
Mu gihe cya 2008-2012, Indoneziya ifite iterambere ryinshi rya 19,69% ikurikirwa na Philippines kuri 15.62%. Ubushinwa na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nibyo byonyine byoherezwa mu mahanga byagaragaje iterambere ryiza kuri 9% na 10.56% mu bihugu 10 bya mbere.
Indoneziya ariko, yagize ikibazo cyo kugabanuka kwa 7.42% umwaka ushize hagati ya 2011 na 2012 hamwe na Philippines ifite ubwiyongere bukabije bwumwaka wa 38.90% naho Australiya niyo yitwaye nabi cyane 31.08%.
Usibye Australiya, ibihugu byonyine muri Top 10 byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze byerekanaga iterambere mubyoherezwa mu masaro byari
Leta zunze ubumwe ziyongereyeho 22.09%, Ubwongereza bufite 21.47% n’Ubusuwisi kuri 20.86%.
Isi yatumije mu mahanga mu mwaka wa 2012 miliyari 1.33 z’amadolari y’agaciro, cyangwa 11,65% ugereranije n’umwaka wa 2011 winjiza miliyari 1.50. Mu gihe cya 2008-2011, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byagabanutse ku mwaka ku kigereranyo cya 3.5%. Isi yatumije amasaro ku isi mu rwego rwo hejuru muri 2008 hamwe na miliyari 1.71 US $ mbere yo kugabanuka kugera kuri $ 1.30
Igicapo 6. Kuzana amasaro, nat cyangwa umuco, nibindi Biturutse Isi
===== F6 =====
miliyari muri 2009. Ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byagaragaje ko byagarutse muri 2010 na 2011 hamwe na miliyari 1.40 US $ na miliyari 1.50 US $ mbere yo kugabanuka kugera kuri 1.33 US $ muri 2012.
Mu batumiza mu mahanga, Ubuyapani bwaje ku mwanya wa mbere mu mwaka wa 2012 butumiza amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 371.06 y’agaciro ka maragarita ku isoko rya 27.86% by’amasoko ku isi yose yatumije miliyari 1.33. Hong Kong yabaye iya kabiri hamwe n’amadolari miliyoni 313.28 y’amadolari y’Amerika ku mugabane w’isoko wa 23.52% ikurikirwa n’Amerika kuri miliyoni 221.21 US $ (16.61%), Ositaraliya kuri miliyoni 114.79 US $ (8,62%) n’Ubusuwisi ku mwanya wa 5 hamwe na kwinjiza US $ 47.99 (3.60%).
Indoneziya yatumije amadolari y’Abanyamerika 8000 gusa muri 2012 ihagaze ku mwanya wa 104.
Umwanditsi: Hendro Jonathan Sahat
Byasohowe na: UBUYOBOZI RUSANGE YITERAMBERE RY’IGIHUGU. Minisiteri y’Ubucuruzi Repubulika ya Indoneziya.
Ikaramu ya Ditjen / MJL / 82 / X / 2013