I-Indonesia South Sea Pearl
I-Indonesia iyiqoqo leziqhingi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinezindawo zokudoba ezinothile nemikhiqizo yasolwandle. Omunye wemikhiqizo enjalo iparele laseNingizimu Sea, ngokungangabazeki enye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zeparele. I-Indonesia ayigcini nje ngokunikwa izinsiza zemvelo ezinothile, futhi inenqwaba yezingcweti ezinamakhono obuciko obuphezulu.
Ngalesi sihloko, sikulethela omunye umkhiqizo okhethekile wase-Indonesia, i-South Sea pearl. Njengezwe elisempambanweni yomgwaqo wezilwandlekazi ezimbili namazwekazi amabili, isiko lase-Indonesia libonisa ingxube eyingqayizivele elolongwa ukusebenzisana okude phakathi kwamasiko endabuko kanye nemithelela eminingi yangaphandle. Ifa lamasiko elicebile lase-Indonesia linikeza umhlaba ubuciko obuhlukahlukene bobucwebe beparele.
Omunye wabadlali abahamba phambili emhlabeni, i-Indonesia ibiklama futhi ithumela amaparele emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-Australia, i-Hong Kong, i-Japan, i-South Korea ne-Thailand. Ngokwezibalo, inani lokuthekelisa leparele likhule ngo-19.69% ngokwesilinganiso ngonyaka esikhathini sika-2008-2012. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu zokuqala zika-2013, inani lokuthekelisa lafinyelela ku-US$9.30
izigidi.
Iparele lezinga eliphakeme liye lathathwa njengenye yezinto eziyigugu zobuhle amakhulu eminyaka, uma liqhathaniswa namanye amatshe ayigugu. Ngobuchwepheshe, iparele likhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwe-molusc egobolondo ephilayo, ngaphakathi kwezicubu ezithambile noma ingubo.
Iparele lenziwe nge-calcium carbonate ngendlela yecrystalline emincane, njengegobolondo lokuzola, ezingxenyeni eziqondile. Iparele elikahle lingaba yindilinga ngokuphelele futhi libushelelezi kodwa kunezinye izimo eziningi zamapheya, abizwa ngokuthi amaparele e-baroque.
Ngenxa yokuthi amaparele enziwa ngokuyinhloko nge-calcium carbonate, angancibilika kuviniga. I-calcium carbonate isengozini ngisho nesisombululo se-asidi esibuthakathaka ngenxa yokuthi amakristalu e-calcium carbonate asabela ne-acetic acid kuviniga ukuze akhe i-calcium acetate kanye ne-carbon dioxide.
Amaparele emvelo avela ngokuzenzakalelayo endle ayigugu kakhulu kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ayivelakancane kakhulu. Amaparele atholakala emakethe njengamanje atshalwa kakhulu noma afuywa kuma-pearl oyster kanye nezimbaza zamanzi ahlanzekile.
Amaparele okulingisa nawo akhiqizwa kabanzi njengobucwebe obungabizi nakuba izinga liphansi kakhulu kunelemvelo. Amaparele okwenziwa ane-iridescence empofu futhi ahlukaniswa kalula nemvelo.
Izinga lamaparele, emvelo nalawo alinywayo, lixhomeke ekubeni aluhlaza futhi anombala okhazimulayo njengoba kunjalo nangaphakathi egobolondweni eliwakhiqizayo. Nakuba amaparele etshalwa kakhulu futhi evunwa ukwenza ubucwebe, aphinde athungelwa ezingutsheni zikanokusho futhi achotshoziwe futhi asetshenziswe ezimonyoni, emithini nasezixubeni zikapende.
Izinhlobo zePearl
Amapharele angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwawo: imvelo, amasiko kanye nokulingisa. Ngaphambi kokuncipha kwamaparele emvelo, cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, wonke amaparele atholakala ayengamaparele emvelo.
Namuhla amaparele emvelo ayivelakancane kakhulu, futhi avame ukuthengiswa ezindalini eNew York, eLondon nakwezinye izindawo zamazwe ngamazwe ngamanani okutshala izimali. Amaparele emvelo, ngokwencazelo, zonke izinhlobo zamaparele ezakhiwe ngengozi, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
Ziwumkhiqizo wenhlanhla, ezinesiqalo esicasulayo njenge-parasite egobhozayo. Amathuba alokhu kwenzeka kwemvelo mancane kakhulu njengoba kuncike ekungeneni okungamukeleki kwempahla yangaphandle ukuthi ukhwathu awukwazi ukulikhipha emzimbeni walo.
Iparele elikhulisiwe libhekana nenqubo efanayo. Endabeni yeparele lemvelo, i-oyster isebenza yodwa, kanti amaparele akhulisiwe ayimikhiqizo yokungenelela komuntu. Ukuze enze i-oyster ikhiqize iparele, uchwepheshe ufaka ngamabomu into ecasulayo ngaphakathi ku-oyster. Izinto ezifakwa ngokuhlinzwa ucezu lwegobolondo olubizwa ngokuthi uMama wePearl.
Le nqubo yasungulwa isazi sebhayoloji saseBrithani uWilliam Saville-Kent e-Australia futhi ilethwa eJapane nguTokichi Nishikawa noTatsuhei Mise. U-Nishikawa wanikwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1916, futhi washada nendodakazi kaMikimoto Kokichi.
UMikimoto wakwazi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bukaNishikawa. Ngemva kokuba ilungelo lobunikazi linikezwe ngo-1916, ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa ngokushesha kwezohwebo ku-Akoya pearl oyster eJapane ngo-1916. Umfowabo kaMise wayengowokuqala ukukhiqiza isivuno sokuhweba samaparele ku-oyster yase-Akoya.
UBaron Iwasaki kaMitsubishi wasebenzisa ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe eSouth Sea pearl oyster ngo-1917 ePhilippines, futhi kamuva eButon, nasePalau. IMitsubishi yaba ngeyokuqala ukukhiqiza iparele laseNingizimu Sea elikhulisiwe – nakuba kwaze kwafika ngo-1928 lapho isivuno sokuqala esincane sokuhweba samaparele sakhiqizwa ngempumelelo.
Amaparele okulingisa ayindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Ezimweni eziningi, ubuhlalu bengilazi bucwiliswa kwisixazululo esenziwe ngezikali zezinhlanzi. Lokhu kunamathela kuncane futhi kungase kuguge ekugcineni. Umuntu angakwazi ukubona ukulingisa ngokuluma kukho. Amaparele mbumbulu acwebezela emazinyweni akho, kuyilapho izingqimba ze-nacre kumaparele angempela zizwakala zinsundu. Isiqhingi saseMallorca eSpain saziwa ngomkhakha waso wokulingisa wamaparele.
Kunezimo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyisisekelo zamaparele: nxazonke, isigamu-round, inkinobho, iconsi, ipheya, oval, baroque, futhi indilinga.
Amaparele ayindilinga ngokuphelele ayisimo esiyivelakancane nesibaluleke kakhulu.
- Ama-semi-round nawo asetshenziselwa imigexo noma izingcezu lapho ukwakheka kweparele kungafihlwa ukuze kubukeke sengathi kuyiparele eliyindilinga ngokuphelele.
- Amaparele ezinkinobho afana neparele eliyindilinga elicaba kancane futhi angakwazi ukwenza umgexo, kodwa avame ukusetshenziselwa imihlobiso elengayo eyodwa noma amacici lapho ingxenye engemuva yeparele imbozwe khona, okwenza ibukeke njengeparele elikhulu, eliyindilinga.
- Amaparele amise okweconsi kanye nepheya kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngokuthi amaparele e-teardrop futhi avame ukubonakala kumacici, imihlobiso elengayo, noma njengeparele eliphakathi kumgexo.
- Amaparele e-Baroque anokukhanga okuhlukile; zivame ukungajwayelekile kakhulu ezinezimo eziyingqayizivele nezihehayo. Zivame ukubonakala emigexoni.
- Amaparele ayindilinga abonakala ngamagquma agxile, noma amasongo, azungeze umzimba weparele.
Ngaphansi kwe-Harmonised System (HS), amaparele ahlukaniswe abe izigaba ezintathu ezingaphansi: 7101100000 amaparele emvelo, 7101210000 amaparele akhulisiwe, angasebenzi kanye ne-7101220000 amaparele akhulisiwe, asetshenziwe.
I-Glimmer YePearl yase-INDONESIA
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, iparele lemvelo laseNingizimu Sea libhekwa njengomklomelo wawo wonke amaparele. Ukutholwa kwemibhede yamaparele aseNingizimu yoLwandle oluningi kakhulu ikakhulukazi e-Indonesia nasezifundeni ezizungezile, njengaseNyakatho ye-Australia ekuqaleni kwawo-1800 kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba enkathini yokuzitika kwamaparele eYurophu phakathi nenkathi yama-Victorian.
Lolu hlobo lweparele luhlukaniswa kuwo wonke amanye ngamaparele alo angokwemvelo aminyene. Le nacre yemvelo ikhiqiza ukucwebezela okungenakuqhathaniswa, okungagcini nje ngokuletha “ukukhanya” njengamanye amaparele, kodwa ukubukeka okuthambile okuyinkimbinkimbi, okungabonakali okushintsha isimo sengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokukhanya. Ubuhle bale nacre obuye benza iparele laseNingizimu Sea lithandwa ngabacwebi bobucwebe abanokunambitheka okucwasayo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokwemvelo ikhiqizwa enye yama-oyster amakhulu kunawo wonke ane-pearlbearing, i-Pinctada maxima, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Silver-Lipped or Gold-Lipped oyster. Le mollusc esiliva noma enezindebe zegolide ingakhula ilingane nepuleti lesidlo sakusihlwa kodwa izwela kakhulu izimo zemvelo.
Lokhu kuzwela kwengeza ezindlekweni nasekuyivelakaleni kwamaparele oLwandle LwaseNingizimu. Kanjalo, i-Pinctada maxima ikhiqiza amaparele anosayizi abakhulu ukusuka kumamilimitha ayi-9 ukuya kumamilimitha angama-20 anosayizi omaphakathi ongamamilimitha ayi-12. Ngenxa yobukhulu be-nacre, i-South Sea pearl nayo idume ngezinhlobonhlobo zezimo ezihlukile nezifiselekayo ezitholakalayo.
Phezu kwalezo zici ezinhle, iparele laseNingizimu Sea libuye libe nemibala eminingi kusukela kukhilimu kuye kophuzi kuye kwegolide elijulile nokusuka komhlophe kuye kwesiliva. Amapharele angase futhi abonise “i-overtone” ethandekayo yombala ohlukile njengobomvana, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza.
Namuhla, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amaparele emvelo, iparele lemvelo laseNingizimu Sea selicishe lanyamalala ezimakethe zomhlaba. Iningi lamaparele oLwandle oluseNingizimu atholakalayo namuhla alinywa emapulazini amaparele eSouth Sea.
I-South Sea Pearls yase-Indonesia
Njengomkhiqizi ohamba phambili, i-Indonesia, umuntu angahlola ubuhle bazo ngokuya ngokukhazimula, umbala, ubukhulu, ukwakheka kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu. Amaparele anombala obabazekayo we-Imperial Gold akhiqizwa kuphela ama-oyster alinywa emanzini ase-Indonesia. Mayelana nokucwebezela, amaparele oLwandle LwaseNingizimu, kokubili emvelo nangokwesiko, abukeka ngendlela ehluke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokucwebezela kwawo okungokwemvelo okuyingqayizivele, abonisa ukukhanya kwangaphakathi okuthambile okuhluke ngokuphawulekayo ekucwebezeleni okungaphezulu kwamanye amaparele. Kwesinye isikhathi kuchazwa njengokuqhathanisa ukukhanya kwekhandlela nokukhanya kwe-fluorescent.
Ngezinye izikhathi, amaparele ekhwalithi enhle kakhulu azobonisa into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-orient. Lena inhlanganisela yokucwebezela okukhanyayo nokubonisa okucashile kombala. Imibala ekhazimulayo kakhulu yamaparele oLwandle LwaseNingizimu imhlophe noma imhlophe ngama-overtones anemibala ehlukahlukene.
Ama-Overtones angaba cishe noma yimuphi umbala wothingo, futhi asuselwa kumibala yemvelo ye-nacre ye-South Sea pearl oyster. Uma kuhlanganiswe nokucwebezela okunamandla, kudala umphumela owaziwa ngokuthi “i-orient”. Imibala etholakala kakhulu ihlanganisa, Isiliva, I-Pink White, I-White Rose, I-Golden White, I-Gold Cream, I-Champagne kanye ne-Imperial Gold.
Umbala wegolide we-Imperial uyivelakancane kunayo yonke. Lo mbala omangalisayo ukhiqizwa kuphela ama-oyster alinywa emanzini ase-Indonesia. Amaparele akhuliswe eSouth Sea aphakeme ngosayizi, futhi ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-10mm no-15 millimeters.
Uma kutholakala osayizi abakhulu, amaparele ayivelakancane ngaphezu kwamamilimitha ayi-16 futhi ngezinye izikhathi angaphezu kwamamilimitha angu-20 aziswa kakhulu ochwepheshe. Uma ubuhle busemehlweni obukayo, khona-ke iSouth Sea Pearls inikeza inqwaba yamathuba obuhle okubukwa, njengoba engekho amaparele amabili afana ncamashi. Ngenxa yobukhulu be-nacre yawo, amaparele akhuliswe eSouth Sea atholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezithokozisayo.
I-Pearl nacre iyi-matrix enhle yamakristalu e-calcium carbonate nezinto ezikhethekile ezikhiqizwa i-oyster. Le matrix ibekwe phansi ngamathayili amancane akhiwe kahle, ungqimba phezu kongqimba. Ubukhulu beparele bunqunywa inani lezendlalelo, kanye nobukhulu bongqimba ngalunye.
Ukubonakala kwe-nacre kuzonqunywa ukuthi amakristalu e-calcium “ayisicaba” noma “i-prismatic”, ngokuphelela okubekwa ngayo amathayili, kanye nobuhle kanye nenani lezingqimba zama-tile. Umphumela
ebuhleni beparele kuncike ezingeni lokubonakala kwalokhu kuphelela. Le mfanelo engaphezulu yeparele ichazwa ngokuthi ibala leparele.
Nakuba umumo ungathinti ikhwalithi yeparele, isidingo somumo othile sinomthelela enanini. Ukuze kube lula, amaparele akhuliswe eSouth Sea ahlelwa abe yizigaba eziyisikhombisa zomumo. Izigaba eziningana ziphinde zihlukaniswe izigaba ezincane eziningi:
1) Umjikelezo;
2) I-SemiRound;
3) Isitayela se-Baroque;
4) I-Semi-Baroque;
5) Ukulahla;
6) Umbuthano;
7) Inkinobho.
Ubuhle Bendlovukazi YaseNingizimu Sea Pearl
I-Indonesia ikhiqiza i-South Sea Pearls etshalwa ku-Pinctada maxima, uhlobo olukhulu lwe-oyster. Njengeqoqo leziqhingi elinendawo ehlanzekile, i-Indonesia ihlinzeka ngendawo ekahle ye-Pinctada maxima ukukhiqiza amaparele ekhwalithi ephezulu. I-Pinctada maxima yase-Indonesia ikhiqiza amaparele anombala ongaphezu kweshumi nambili.
Amaparele angavamile futhi ayigugu kakhulu akhiqizwa yilawo anemibala yegolide nesiliva. Izinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithunzi ethambile, phakathi kokunye, isiliva, i-champagne, emhlophe qwa, ebomvana negolide, ene-Imperial Gold Pearl njengelihle kakhulu kuwo wonke amaparele.
I-Imperial Gold Color Pearl ekhiqizwa ama-oyster alinywa emanzini ahlanzekile ase-Indonesia empeleni iyiNdlovukazi YaseNingizimu Sea Pearl. Nakuba amanzi ase-Indonesian eyikhaya leparele loLwandle LwaseNingizimu, kudingeka isimiso sokulawula ukuhweba kwasekhaya kanye nokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi nenani leparele. Uhulumeni kanye namaqembu ahlobene nawo
wakha ubudlelwano obuqinile ukuxazulula inselele.
Endabeni yamaparele aseShayina, akhuliswa ezimbazeni zamanzi ahlanzekile futhi okusolakala ukuthi anezinga eliphansi, uhulumeni uthathe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifana nokukhipha iMithethonqubo kaNgqongqoshe Yezokudoba Nezasolwandle No. 8/2003 mayelana Nokulawulwa Kwekhwalithi YePearl. Isilinganiso siyadingeka njengamaparele aseShayina anekhwalithi ephansi kodwa abukeka efana kakhulu namaparele ase-Indonesia. ingaba usongo ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza amaparele ase-Indonesia e-Bali naseLombok.
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamaparele ase-Indonesia kubonise ukwanda okukhulu esikhathini sika-2008-2012 ngokukhula okuphakathi konyaka kwe-19.69%. Ngo-2012, ukuthunyelwa okuningi kwamanye amazwe kwakubuswa amaparele emvelo ku-51%.22. Amaparele akhulisiwe, angasebenzanga, alandelwa ngesekhondi elikude ngama-31.82% namaparele akhulisiwe, asetshenziwe, angu-16.97%.
Ukuthunyelwa kwamaparele e-Indonesia ngo-2008 kwabalelwa ku-US$14.29 wezigidi kuphela ngaphambi kokuthi kukhuphuke kakhulu ku-US$22.33 wezigidi ngo-2009.
Umfanekiso 1. I-Indonesian Export of Pearls (2008-2012)
inyuke yaya ku-US$31.43 million kanye ne-US$31.79 million ngo-2010 nango-2011 ngokulandelana. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, nokho, kwehliswe kwaba ngu-US$29.43 wezigidi ngo-2012.
Ukwehla kwenhlalakahle kuqhubekile ezinyangeni ezinhlanu zokuqala zika-2013 ngokuthunyelwa kwezigidi ezingu-US$9.30, okuyincipha ngo-24.10% uma kuqhathaniswa namaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-12.34 ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2012.
Umfanekiso 2. Indawo Ethunyelwa Ngayo yase-Indonesia (2008-2012)
Ngo-2012, izindawo ezinkulu ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zamaparele ase-Indonesia kwakuyi-Hong Kong, Australia, ne-Japan. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Hong Kong kwaba ngu-US$13.90 wezigidi noma u-47.24% wesamba esiphelele samaparele ase-Indonesia. I-Japan ibe yindawo yesibili enkulu yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngama-US$ 9.30 wezigidi (31.60%) bese ilandelwa yi-Australia ngo-$5.99 million (20.36%) kanye neSouth Korea ngo-$105,000 (0.36%) kanye ne-Thailand ngama-US$36,000 (0.12%).
Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu zokuqala zika-2013, i-Hong Kong iphinde yaba indawo ehamba phambili ngenani lama-US$4.11 wezigidi zokuthunyelwa kweparele, noma ama-44.27%. I-Australia ikhiphe iJapan ngo-$2.51 million (27.04%) kwathi iJapan yalala isithathu ngo-$2.36 million (25.47%) yalandelwa yiThailand ngo-$274,000 (2.94%) kwathi iSouth Korea ngo-$25,000 (0.27%).
Nakuba i-Hong Kong ikhombise ukukhula okujwayelekile ngonyaka okungama-124.33% esikhathini sika-2008-2012, ukukhula kwehle ngo-39.59% ezinyangeni ezinhlanu zokuqala zika-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2012. %
Umfanekiso 3. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Indonesia ngeSifundazwe (2008-2012)
Iningi lamaparele ase-Indonesia athunyelwa ngaphandle asuka ezifundazweni zase-Bali, e-Jakarta, e-South Sulawesi, nase-West Nusa Tenggara ngamavelu asuka ku-US$1,000 kuya ku-US$22 million.
Umfanekiso 4. Ukuthunyelwa Kwamaparele, imvelo noma inkolo, njll Ezweni Ngezwe (2012)
Isamba semali yamaparele athunyelwa emhlabeni wonke ngo-2012 ifinyelela ku-US$1.47 billion eyayingaphansi ngo-6.47% kunesibalo sokuthekelisa ngo-2011 se-US$1.57 billion. Esikhathini sika-2008-2012, isilinganiso sonyaka sihlaselwe yi-contraction ye-1.72%. Ngo-2008, ukuthunyelwa kwamaparele emhlabeni wonke kwafinyelela ku-US$1.75 billion kuphela ukwehla eminyakeni elandelayo. Ngo-2009, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kwehliswa kwaba ku-US$1.39 billion ngaphambi kokuthi kuqoqwe ku-US$1.42 billion kanye ne-US$157 billion ngo-2010 nango-2011 ngokulandelana.
I-Hong Kong ibihamba phambili ekuthumeleni impahla kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012 ngenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-408.36 ngesabelo semakethe esingama-27.73%. I-China ibe isibili ngokuthekelisa kwezigidi ezingama-US$283.97 okwenza u-19.28% wesabelo semakethe kulandele iJapan ngo-$210.50 wezigidi (14.29%), i-Australia ngokuthekelisa kwezigidi ezingama-US$173.54 (11.785) kanye neFrench Polynesia ethumele ama-US$76.18 wezigidi ( 5.17%) ukusonga iTop 5.
Isendaweni yesi-6 kube i-United States nokuthunyelwa kwezigidi ezingama-US$65.60 ngesabelo semakethe esingu-4.46% kulandele iSwitzerland ngama-US$54.78 million (3.72%) kanye ne-United Kingdom ekhiphe ama-US$33.04 million (2.24%). Ithekelisa amaparele enani eliyizigidi ezingu-US$29.43, i-Indonesia ikleliswe endaweni yesi-9 ngesabelo semakethe esingu-2% kuyilapho i-Philippines iqeda Uhlu Lwe-Top 10 ngokuthekelisa kwezigidi ezingu-US$23.46 (1.59%) ngo-2012.
Umfanekiso 5. Ukwabelana kanye Nokukhula Kokuthengiswa Kwempahla Emazweni (%)
Esikhathini sika-2008-2012, i-Indonesia inenkambiso ephezulu yokukhula ngo-19.69% ilandelwa yiPhilippines ngo-15.62%. I-China kanye ne-United States kube ukuphela kwamanye amazwe angaphandle ahlangabezane nezimo ezinhle zokukhula ngo-9% kanye no-10.56% ngokulandelana phakathi kwamazwe ayi-10 aphezulu.
I-Indonesia, nokho, ihlaselwe ukufinyezwa okungu-7.42% unyaka nonyaka phakathi kuka-2011 no-2012 kanti iPhilippines ibe nokukhula okukhulu konyaka nonyaka ngo-38.90% kanti i-Australia kube yiyona eyenza kabi kakhulu ethole inkontileka engama-31.08%.
Ngaphandle kwe-Australia, okuwukuphela kwamazwe ku-Top 10 abathengisi bangaphandle abarekhode ukukhula ekuthengisweni kwamaparele abo
i-United States ngokukhula ngo-22.09%, i-United Kingdom ngo-21.47% kanye neSwitzerland ngama-20.86%.
Umhlaba wangenisa amapharele enani eliyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-US$1.33 ngo-2012, noma ngo-11.65% ngaphansi kwesibalo sangowezi-2011 esilinganiselwa ku-US$1.50 billion. Esikhathini sika-2008-2011, ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kube nokuncipha okuphakathi konyaka okungu-3.5%. Ukungeniswa kwamaparele emhlabeni kufinyelele phezulu kakhulu ngo-2008 nge-US $ 1.71 billion ngaphambi kokuba kwehle ku-US $ 1.30
Umfanekiso 6. Ukungenisa Kwamaparele, imvelo noma inkolo, njll Okuvela Emhlabeni
bhiliyoni ngo-2009. Ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kubonise ukuthambekela kokubuyela emuva ngo-2010 kanye no-2011 ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.40 kanye no-US $ 1.50 webhiliyoni ngokulandelana ngaphambi kokuba kwehle ku-US$1.33 ngo-2012.
Phakathi kwabangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe, i-Japan yahamba phambili ohlwini ngo-2012 ngokungenisa amapharele abiza izigidi ezingu-US$371.06 ngesabelo semakethe esingama-27.86% wesamba sesamba samaparele esithengwayo emhlabeni esingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.33. I-Hong Kong ilale isibili ngokuthengwa kwezigidi ezingu-US$313.28 ngesabelo semakethe esingama-23.52% ilandelwa yi-United States ngamadola ayizigidi ezingu-221.21 (16.61%), i-Australia ngo-$114.79 wezigidi (8.62%) kanye neSwitzerland endaweni yesi-5 ekude ukungenisa kwe-US$47.99 (3.60%).
I-Indonesia yangenisa kuphela amaparele enani lama-US$8,000 ngo-2012 emi endaweni ye-104.
Umbhali: Hendro Jonathan Sahat
Ishicilelwe ngu : UPHIKO-JIKELELE LOKUTHUTHUKISWA KOKUTHUNYELWA KUKAZWELONKE. I-Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia.
Ditjen PEN/MJL/82/X/2013